The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic,whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government,and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Peru a "hybrid regime" in 2022.
The nations of Mexico and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1823. Diplomatic relations were briefly cut in 1932 and reinstated again in 1933. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,Community of Latin American and Caribbean States,Lima Group,Organization of Ibero-American States,Organization of American States,Pacific Alliance and the United Nations.
JoséPedro Castillo Terrones is a Peruvian politician,former elementary school teacher,and union leader who served as the President of Peru from 28 July 2021 to 7 December 2022. Facing imminent impeachment proceedings,on 7 December 2022,Castillo attempted to dissolve Congress and rule by decree. In response,the Congress of the Republic of Peru impeached him,resulting in his removal from office.
Since 2016,Peru has been plagued with political instability and a growing crisis,initially between the President,Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Congress,led de facto by Keiko Fujimori. The crisis emerged in late 2016 and early 2017 as the polarization of Peruvian politics increased,as well as a growing schism between the executive and legislative branches of government. Fujimori and her Fujimorist supporters would use their control of Congress to obstruct the executive branch of successive governments,resulting with a period of political instability in Peru.
General elections were held in Peru on 11 April 2021. The presidential election,which determined the president and the vice presidents,required a run-off between the two top candidates,which was held on 6 June. The congressional elections determined the composition of the Congress of Peru,with all 130 seats contested.
Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra is a Peruvian politician,civil servant,and lawyer currently serving as the President of Peru since 7 December 2022. She had served as the first vice president and minister at the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion under President Pedro Castillo. She served as an officer at the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC) from 2007 until 2022.
Pedro Andrés Toribio Topiltzin Francke Ballvé is a Peruvian economist who served as the minister of economy and finance from 30 July 2021 to 1 February 2022. He has advised various politicians within Peru and is an expert on poverty,health and social policies studies.
The presidency of Pedro Castillo began with his inauguration as the president of Peru on 28 July 2021,the Peruvian Independence Day. In the 2021 Peruvian general election,Castillo,a school teacher and union organizer,won the presidential election against the right-wing candidate Keiko Fujimori of Popular Force by a 45,000 margin in the runoff. In the congressional elections,Castillo's party,Free Peru,did not get a majority in the Congress of the Republic of Peru.
Guido Bellido Ugarte is a Peruvian politician of Quechua heritage,an electrical engineer and economist. He served as prime minister of Peru from 29 July to 6 October 2021. He is also serving as a member of the Congress,representing Cuzco.
AnahíDurand Guevara is a Peruvian sociologist. Since 29 July 2021,she has served as the Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations in the presidency of Pedro Castillo.
Óscar JoséRicardo Maúrtua de Romaña is a Peruvian diplomat and jurist who served as Minister of Foreign Relations of Peru from August 2021 to February 2022,under the presidency of Pedro Castillo. He previously occupied the office under President Alejandro Toledo during the last of year of his presidency.
Walter Ayala Gonzales is a Peruvian judge and former Minister of Defense of Peru.
Héctor Valer Pinto is a Peruvian politician who served as Prime Minister of Peru from 1 February 2022 to 8 February 2022.
Aníbal Torres Vásquez is a Peruvian lawyer,jurist,and politician who served as prime minister of Peru from February 2022 to November 2022. He was also Minister of Justice and Human Rights from July 2021 to February 2022 under the government of Pedro Castillo.
Events in the year 2022 in Peru.
Mass protests in Peru against inflation and President Pedro Castillo's government began in March 2022. The protests occurred amid rising fertilizer and fuel prices caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine and international sanctions imposed on Russia. Some of the larger protests were organized by Geovani Rafael Diez Villegas,the leader of the Union of Multimodal Transport Guilds of Peru (UGTRANM) who had previously collaborated in late 2021 with business executives and right-wing politicians,opposing the Castillo government and whose power is recognized as rivaling the government's own Ministry of Transport and Communications. Diez Villegas demanded the removal of passenger restrictions on buses,pardons for transportation workers who were charged with crimes,and negotiations for forgiving debt owed by transportation businessmen to the government. He later organized a general strike aimed at paralysing transportation in Peru beginning on 4 April 2022 that resulted in protests,product shortages,transportation stoppages and rioting.
Betssy Betzabet Chávez Chino is a Peruvian attorney and politician,who served as prime minister of Peru from 26 November until December 7,2022,when she resigned. She was Peru's seventh female prime minister. She's been a member of congress since July 2021 and served as Minister of Culture from August 2022 to November 2022. She previously was Minister of Labor and Employment Promotion,from October 2021 until May 2022,when a censure measure was approved against her. She later held the position of Minister of Culture,before being appointed prime minister.
On December 7,2022,Pedro Castillo,the then President of Peru,made an attempt to dissolve the Congress amidst looming removal proceedings. This move included the immediate imposition of a curfew,an attempt to establish an emergency government,and a call for the formation of a constituent assembly. Prior to this,Attorney General Patricia Benavides had accused Castillo of leading a criminal organization,a claim that contravened Article 117 of the Constitution of Peru. She had urged the Congress to remove him from office,leading to the third removal attempt against Castillo. Castillo defended his actions by arguing that the Congress,which had obstructed many of his policies,was serving oligopolistic businesses and had colluded with the Constitutional Court to undermine the executive branch,thereby creating a "congressional dictatorship". He also advocated for the immediate election of a constituent assembly,a demand that had been echoed since the 2020 Peruvian protests.
Following the ousting of president of Peru,Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022,a series of political protests against the government of president Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru occurred. The demonstrations lack centralized leadership and originated primarily among grassroots movements and social organizations on the left to far-left,as well as indigenous communities,who feel politically disenfranchised. Castillo was removed from office and arrested after announcing the dissolution of Congress,the intervention of the state apparatus,and the establishment of an "emergency government",which was characterized as a self-coup attempt by some media organizations and institutions in Peru while Castillo's supporters said that Congress attempted to overthrow Castillo. Castillo's successor Dina Boluarte,along with Congress,were widely disapproved,with the two receiving the lowest approval ratings among public offices in the Americas. Among the main demands of the demonstrators are the dissolution of Congress,the resignation of Boluarte,new general elections,the release of Castillo,and the formation of a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution. It has also been reported that some of the protesters have declared an insurgency. Analysts,businesses,and voters said that immediate elections are necessary to prevent future unrest,although many establishment political parties have little public support.
The third presidential vacancy (impeachment) process against President Pedro Castillo was an action initiated by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the purpose of declaring the "permanent moral incapacity" of the President of the Republic,Pedro Castillo,under Article 113 of the Political Constitution of Peru.
