Judereglementet [1] (English: 'The Jewish Regulations') was a 1782 Swedish statute containing regulations "for those of the Jewish Nation wishing to move to and settle in the Kingdom (of Sweden)" without having to convert to Lutheranism, as the law had stipulated hitherto. The regulations were issued on 27 May 1782 by the National Board of Trade on behalf of the Parliament and the King in Council. The regulations came about as a result of King Gustav III allowing Jews to come to Sweden in the 1770s and obtain civil rights without converting. In 1774 Aaron Isaac of Bützow, settled permanently as the first Jew in Sweden.
The provisions enabled Jews to settle and become naturalized Swedish citizens, as long as they were in possession of assets. Earlier legislation banning Jews altogether was modified so as to only ban poor Jews. The minimum capital stipulated was two thousand riksdaler that included clothes, effects, household inventory, running costs, and ready cash as well as bills of exchange.
Jews could not bring domestic servants with them, lest they smuggle beggar Jews (tiggare Judar) into the country.
Jews were restricted to three cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Norrköping, where they were permitted to build synagogues. [2] However, Jews could only marry within their own faith, could not become Members of Parliament, and were not allowed to proselytize. [3] Despite the restrictions, a Jewish congregation was established in Karlskrona after a few years, and another one existed for a short time in Marstrand, whose porto franco privileges in the 1770s and 1780s placed the town outside of normal Swedish law. [4]
The statute also restricted the occupations Jews could pursue: membership of guilds was not open to them. Judereglementet specified occupations such as engraving, the cutting of diamonds and other precious stones, and making instruments, while trading in gold was restricted to the guilds. [5] [2]
After the French Revolution of 1830, a wave of liberalism swept across Europe, opposing the privileges of the guilds and aristocracy and demanding inalienable human rights, including the emancipation of the Jews. In February 1838, the King commissioned the Board of Trade to draw up a modernized set of Jewish regulations. Five of the elders of the Stockholm Jewish community demanded that the regulations be repealed. In spite of heavy criticism, 30 June 1838, Judereglementet was repealed. The Jews in Sweden then became Swedish citizens "of the Mosaic creed", but certain restrictions on places of residence and other civil rights remained until 1870.
Jacob Marcus, also called R. Jakob, was a German-Swedish businessman and one of the pioneers in the history of Sweden's Jewish population, which began to take root around the turn of the 18th-19th centuries.
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan's Mosque, commonly known as the Stockholm Mosque or the Stockholm Grand Mosque, is the largest mosque in Stockholm, Sweden. It is located at Kapellgränd 10, adjacent to the small park Björns trädgård, in the Södermalm district of Stockholm. Inaugurated in 2000, the mosque is administered by the Islamic Association in Stockholm.
The Royal Order of Vasa is a Swedish order of chivalry founded on 29 May 1772 by King Gustav III. It is awarded to Swedish citizens for service to state and society especially in the fields of agriculture, mining and commerce.
The history of Jews in Sweden can be traced from the 17th century, when their presence is verified in the baptism records of the Stockholm Cathedral. Several Jewish families were baptised into the Lutheran Church, a requirement for permission to settle in Sweden. In 1681, for example, 28 members of the families of Israel Mandel and Moses Jacob were baptised in the Stockholm German Church in the presence of King Charles XI of Sweden, the dowager queen Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, and several other high state officials.
Aaron Isaac was a Jewish seal engraver and merchant in haberdashery. He came from Swedish Pomerania, a German-speaking area then part of the Swedish Empire, during the reign of Gustav III, and was persuaded to come to Sweden where there were no seal engravers at the time. He did this on the condition that he could bring with him at least ten Jews, in order to have a minyan (quorum) for prayer. His native language was Yiddish.
The Frankfurter Judengasse was the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt and one of the earliest ghettos in Germany. It existed from 1462 until 1811 and was home to Germany's largest Jewish community in early modern times.
Religion in Sweden has, over the years, become increasingly diverse. Christianity was the religion of virtually all of the Swedish population from the 12th to the early 20th century, but it has rapidly declined throughout the late 20th and early 21st century.
The Mosaic Parish in Karlskrona, Mosaiska församlingen i Karlskrona, founded in 1785, was the fourth Jewish parish in Sweden. In 1994 it was placed in a resting mode.
The history of the Jews in Speyer reaches back over 1,000 years. In the Middle Ages, the city of Speyer, Germany, was home to one of the most significant Jewish communities in the Holy Roman Empire. Its significance is attested to by the frequency of the Ashkenazi Jewish surname Shapiro/Shapira and its variants Szpira/Spiro/Speyer. After many ups and downs throughout history, the community was totally wiped out in 1940 during the Holocaust. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 Jews again settled in Speyer and a first assembly took place in 1996.
The Jewish community in Sweden has been prevalent since the 18th century. Today Sweden has a Jewish community of around 20,000, which makes it the 7th largest in the European Union. Antisemitism in historical Sweden primarily manifested as the confiscation of property, restrictions on movement and employment, and forced conversion to Christianity. Antisemitism in present-day Sweden is mainly perpetrated by far-right politicians, neo-Nazis, and Islamists.
Tolerance tax or toleration tax was a tax that was levied against Jews of the Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austrian Empire, between 1747 and 1797.
Events from the year 1862 in Sweden
Events from the year 1846 in Sweden
The Marstrand Free Port was a largely autonomous island territory of Sweden, during the Gustavian Era of the late 18th century, which effectively functioned as a merchant republic. As a free port designed with inspiration from the Italian porto Franco and declared in 1775 by King Gustav III, it became an urban centre of commerce both legal and illegal, refuge of political and religious dissidents, and hideout of wanted criminals.
1720 års skråordning was a law reform introduced in Sweden in 1720. It replaced the 1669 års allmänna skråordning and, with additional modifications, regulated the guild system and business life in Sweden until the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen of 1846.
Sven Fredrik Hedin was a Swedish diplomat. Hedin joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Stockholm as an attaché in 1949 and served the following 40 years in many countries, including as ambassador in Dar es Salaam, Buenos Aires and Rome.
The Norrköping Synagogue is a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, located on Bebyggelseregistret, in Brådgatan, in the Nordantill borough of Norrköping, in Östergötland County, Sweden. The former synagogue was designed by Edvard Medén and Carl Stål in the Neoclassical and Moorish Revival styles and completed in 1858.
The Famine of 1867–1869 was the last famine in Sweden, and the last major famine in Northern Europe.
Judisk Tidskrift was a cultural and political Jewish journal which was published in Stockholm, Sweden, in the period 1928–1966. Judisk Krönika and the journal had high readership levels among the Jewish origin Swedes during the 1940s and 1950s.
Aron von Reis, originally Aron van Rees (born 30 August 1777 in the Netherlands, died 9 June 1848 in Marstrand, Sweden, was a Dutch-Swedish industrialist in Gothenburg. He and a business partner specialized in creating cotton textiles and printing floral patterns on them called kattun, receiving royal decorations for their success.