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Applied ethics is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life,the professions,health,technology,law,and leadership. For example,bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in the life sciences,such as euthanasia,the allocation of scarce health resources,or the use of human embryos in research. Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological issues such as the responsibility of government and corporations to clean up pollution. Business ethics includes the duties of whistleblowers to the public and to their employers.
Casuistry is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending abstract rules from a particular case,and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also used pejoratively to criticise the use of clever but unsound reasoning,especially in relation to ethical questions. It has been defined as follows:
Study of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics,religion,and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity,civil law,ecclesiastical precepts,and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct....
Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. Also called moral philosophy,it investigates normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branches include normative ethics,applied ethics,and metaethics.
Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice,interested in ethical issues related to health,including those emerging from advances in biology,medicine,and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society and it is often related to medical policy and practice,but also to broader questions as environment,well-being and public health. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences,biotechnology,medicine,politics,law,theology and philosophy. It includes the study of values relating to primary care,other branches of medicine,ethical education in science,animal,and environmental ethics,and public health.
Virtue ethics is a philosophical approach that treats virtue and character as the primary subjects of ethics,in contrast to other ethical systems that put consequences of voluntary acts,principles or rules of conduct,or obedience to divine authority in the primary role.
Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory developed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant that is based on the notion that "I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law." It is also associated with the idea that "it is impossible to think of anything at all in the world,or indeed even beyond it,that could be considered good without limitation except a good will." The theory was developed in the context of Enlightenment rationalism. It states that an action can only be moral if it is motivated by a sense of duty,and its maxim may be rationally willed a universal,objective law.
Hans-Martin Sass,is a bioethicist. He is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Ruhr University,Bochum,Germany,and a Senior Research Scholar Emeritus at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics at Georgetown University,Washington DC.
Donna L. Dickenson is an American philosopher who specializes in medical ethics. She is Emeritus Professor of Medical Ethics and Humanities at the University of London,fellow of the Ethox and HeLEX Centres at the University of Oxford,and visiting fellow at the Centre for Ethics in Medicine,University of Bristol.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ethics.
The philosophy of healthcare is the study of the ethics,processes,and people which constitute the maintenance of health for human beings. For the most part,however,the philosophy of healthcare is best approached as an indelible component of human social structures. That is,the societal institution of healthcare can be seen as a necessary phenomenon of human civilization whereby an individual continually seeks to improve,mend,and alter the overall nature and quality of their life. This perennial concern is especially prominent in modern political liberalism,wherein health has been understood as the foundational good necessary for public life.
Daniel Isaac Wikler is an American public health educator,philosopher,and medical ethicist. He is currently the Mary B. Saltonstall Professor of Population Ethics and Professor of Ethics and Population Health in the Department of Global Health and Population of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston. He is Director and a core faculty member in the Harvard Program in Ethics and Health (PEH). His current research interests are ethical issues in population and international health,including the allocation of health resources,health research involving human subjects,organ transplant ethics,and ethical dilemmas arising in public health practice,and he teaches several courses each year. He is a fellow of the Hastings Center,an independent bioethics research institution.
Principlism is an applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas centering the application of certain ethical principles. This approach to ethical decision-making has been prevalently adopted in various professional fields,largely because it sidesteps complex debates in moral philosophy at the theoretical level.
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong moral behavior,moral concepts and moral language. Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing,defending,and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior". The field of ethics,along with aesthetics,concerns matters of value,and thus comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology.
Hilde Lindemann is an American philosophy professor and bioethicist and emerita professor at Michigan State University. Lindemann earned her B.A. in German language and literature in 1969 at the University of Georgia. Lindemann also earned her M.A. in theatre history and dramatic literature,in 1972,at the University of Georgia. Lindemann began her career as a copyeditor for several universities. She then moved on to a job at the Hastings Center in New York City,an institute focused on bioethics research,and co-authored book The Patient in the Family, with James Lindemann Nelson,before deciding to earn a Ph.D. in philosophy at Fordham University in 2000. Previously,she taught at the University of Tennessee and Vassar College and served as the associate editor of the Hastings Center Report (1990–95). Lindemann usually teaches courses on feminist philosophy,identity and agency,naturalized bioethics,and narrative approaches to bioethics at Michigan State University.
Ann M. Mongoven is an American philosophy professor and medical ethicist. She earned her Ph.D. in religious studies/ethics from the University of Virginia in 1996 and a M.P.H. from the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2006. Mongoven taught courses at Indiana University/Bloomington before going on to teach at Michigan State University where she currently holds a dual appointment with the philosophy department and the Center for Ethics and Humanities in the Life Sciences. Mongoven is also a Michigan State University Lilly Teaching Fellow and was an ethics consultant for the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Jamie Lindemann Nelson is a philosophy professor and bioethicist currently teaching at Michigan State University. Nelson earned her doctorate in philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1980 and taught at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and St. John's University before moving to Michigan State University. In addition,Nelson was an Associate for Ethical Studies at The Hastings Center from 1990–95 and is both a Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow and a Fellow of the Hastings Center. Nelson usually teaches courses on biomedical ethics,ethical theory,moral psychology,feminist theory,and philosophy of language.
Thomas Tomlinson is a philosophy professor and medical ethicist currently teaching at Michigan State University,where he holds a joint appointment in the Lyman Briggs College and the philosophy department.
Jan Deckers works in bioethics at Newcastle University. His work revolves mainly around three topics:animal ethics,reproductive ethics and embryo research,and ethics of genetics.
Susan Sherwin is a Canadian philosopher. Her pioneering work has shaped feminist theory,ethics and bioethics,and she is considered one of the world's foremost feminist ethicists.
Joanne Bridgett Ciulla is an American philosopher. She is a pioneer in the field of leadership ethics as well as teaching and publishing on business Ethics. She is currently a professor at the Rutgers Business School - Newark and New Brunswick and is the director of the Institute for Ethical Leadership. She has received several awards for her contributions to leadership studies and business ethics.
References
- 1 2 3 "Judith Andre CV". 2008. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012.
- 1 2 Michigan State University Philosophy Department Archived August 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine accessed May 30, (2011)
- ↑ Andre, Judith. "Nagel, Williams, and Moral Luck" in Moral Luck, Daniel Statman, ed. Albany: SUNY Press (1993).
- ↑ Andre, Judith. "Blocked Exchanges: A Taxonomy" in Pluralism, Justice and Equality, David Miller and Michael Walzer, eds Oxford: Oxford University Press (1995) 171–196.
- ↑ Andre, Judith, In: O'Reilly A, ed. Maternal Thinking: Philosophy, Politics, Practice. Toronto: Demeter Press (2009)
- ↑ Andre, Judith, In Callicott JB, Frodeman R, eds. Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. MacMillan Reference Books (2008)
- ↑ Andre, Judith, "Bioethics as Practice", Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (2002)
- ↑ Momeyer, Richard W. (2004). "Bioethics as Practice". Teaching Philosophy. 27 (1): 80–85. doi:10.5840/teachphil20042717.
- ↑ Gordon, E.J. (2004). "Bioethics as Practice". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 13: 307–309.
- ↑ Wittrup, Eleanor (2016). "Worldly Virtue, by Judith Andre". Teaching Philosophy. 39 (1): 110–113. doi:10.5840/teachphil201639112.
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