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Social work is an academic discipline and practice-based profession concerned with meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole to enhance their individual and collective well-being. Social work practice draws from areas, such as psychology, sociology, health, political science, community development, law, and economics to engage with systems and policies, conduct assessments, develop interventions, and enhance social functioning and responsibility. The ultimate goals of social work include the improvement of people's lives, alleviation of biopsychosocial concerns, empowerment of individuals and communities, and the achievement of social justice.
Empowerment is the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities. This enables them to represent their interests in a responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights. Empowerment as action refers both to the process of self-empowerment and to professional support of people, which enables them to overcome their sense of powerlessness and lack of influence, and to recognize and use their resources.
Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology which focuses on the individual. Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it, and the relationships of the individual to communities and society. Community psychologists seek to understand the functioning of the community, including the quality of life of persons within groups, organizations and institutions, communities, and society. Their aim is to enhance quality of life through collaborative research and action.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British-American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure. His work also explored the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, the range of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of abnormal personality, patterns of group syntality and social behavior, applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory, predictors of creativity and achievement, and many multivariate research methods including the refinement of factor analytic methods for exploring and measuring these domains. Cattell authored, co-authored, or edited almost 60 scholarly books, more than 500 research articles, and over 30 standardized psychometric tests, questionnaires, and rating scales. According to a widely cited ranking, Cattell was the 16th most eminent, 7th most cited in the scientific journal literature, and among the most productive psychologists of the 20th century. He was a controversial figure due in part to his friendships with, and intellectual respect for, white supremacists and neo-Nazis.
Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. The discipline is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health directly. For example, chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, cumulatively, can harm health. Behavioral factors can also affect a person's health. For example, certain behaviors can, over time, harm or enhance health. Health psychologists take a biopsychosocial approach. In other words, health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes but also of psychological, behavioral, and social processes.
Fred Edward Fiedler was one of the leading researchers of industrial and organizational psychology in the 20th century. He helped shape psychology and was a leading psychologist.
Barbara Rogoff is an American academic who is UCSC Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her research is in different learning between cultures and bridges psychology and anthropology.
Marsha M. Linehan is an American psychologist and author. She is the creator of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive restructuring with acceptance, mindfulness, and shaping.
Stephen David Reicher is Bishop Wardlaw Professor of Social Psychology at the University of St Andrews.
Leonard A. Jason is a professor of psychology at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois, where he also directs the Center for Community Research. His chief professional interests include the study of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), violence prevention, smoking cessation, and Oxford House recovery homes for substance abuse. Jason's interest in chronic fatigue syndrome began when he was diagnosed with the condition in 1990 after having mononucleosis.
Psychology encompasses a vast domain, and includes many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that taken together constitute psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychology topics and list of psychology disciplines.
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The American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering community psychology. It was established in 1973 by Dr. Charles D. Spielberger, with notable previous editors including, Dr. Julian Rappaport, Edison Trickett (1993-1999), Bill Davidson (1999-2010), and Jacob Tebes (2010-2018). AJCP is currently published by Wiley (publisher). The current editor-in-chief as of 2018 iss Dr. Nicole E. Allen. Dr. Nicole Allen was the first woman to hold this position. In 2020, the journal had a two-year impact factor of 3.55. According to Clarivate's journal impact factor report, AJCP is consistently ranked as a top journal in the categories of Psychology, Multidisciplinary, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, and Social Work.
William Tallant Greenough was a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Greenough was a pioneer in studies of neural development and brain plasticity. He studied learning and memory and the brain's responses to environmental enrichment, exercise, injury, and aging. He demonstrated that the brain continues to form new synaptic connections between nerve cells throughout life in response to environmental enrichment and learning. This mechanism is fundamental to learning and memory storage in the brain. Greenough is regarded as the predominant researcher in this area and has been described as "one of the towering figures in neuroscience".
Norman Kent Denzin is an American professor of sociology. He is an emeritus professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was research professor of communications, College of Communications scholar, professor of sociology, professor of cinema studies, professor in the Unit for Criticism and Interpretive Theory. Denzin's academic interests include interpretive theory, performance studies, qualitative research methodology, and the study of media, culture and society.
Karen Fraser Wyche is a clinical psychologist and research professor whose work focuses on the development of gender roles, coping and stress responses of minority women, community resilience, and cultural competence in intervention settings. Outside of her clinical work, Wyche has been engaged in efforts to advance opportunities for minority women in academia by addressing barriers to their full participation. Wyche holds the title of Research Professor in the Department of Community of Policy, Populations and Systems at the George Washington University School of Nursing.
James Gordon Kelly was most recently an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) where he retired from in 1999. Following work at the Mental Health Study Center of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Kelly held tenured positions at Ohio State University, the University of Michigan, the University of Oregon, and UIC.
Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education (CACPE) is an Indian autonomous research college based in Gultekdi, Pune, Maharashtra, India. The university specializes in sports and physical education. It was founded on July 1, 1977, by Shivrampant Damle, who began work for its founding in 1938. It was named after Chandrashekhar Agashe. The university is affiliated to the Savitribai Phule Pune University.
Leslie Charles Morey is an American psychologist and an expert in diagnosis and psychiatric classification. He was born in Chicago Heights, Illinois on May 4, 1956. Morey received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from Northern Illinois University in 1977, and a Master of Science and Doctorate from University of Florida in clinical psychology in the years 1979 and 1981. Morey continued on to serve a clinical internship in 1981 at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. From 1981 to 1982 he worked at the Department of Psychology at the University of Tulsa. Beginning in 1982, and ending in 1984, he worked as the assistant professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, and then in 1984, he transferred to Vanderbilt University where he worked as the Professor of Psychology and the Director of Clinical Training until 1998. He worked at the Vanderbilt University until 1999. Morey worked at Harvard Medical School from 1995 to 1996, and from 2006 to 2010 he was the head of the department of psychology at the Texas A&M University. Since 2012 he has worked as their George T. and Gladys H. Abell professor of Psychology.
References
- ↑ "PsycCRITIQUES Reviewer Biography". Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
- ↑ "The US Welfare System: Does It Work & Who Deserves It?".
- ↑ Julian Rappaport; Robert Hess, eds. (1984). Studies in Empowerment: Steps Toward Understanding and Action (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0866562836.
- ↑ Julian Rappaport (1981). "In praise of paradox. A social policy of empowerment over prevention" (PDF). American Journal of Community Psychology. 9 (1): 1–25 (13). doi:10.1007/BF00896357. PMID 7223726. S2CID 21767039.
- ↑ Shinn, Marybeth; McCormack, Mark M. (2017). "Understanding and alleviating economic hardship: Contributions from community psychology". APA handbook of community psychology: Methods for community research and action for diverse groups and issues. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. pp. 345–359. doi:10.1037/14954-020. ISBN 978-1-4338-2260-5.
