KNOMAD

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The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) is an initiative of the World Bank that describes itself as "envisaged to be a global hub of knowledge and policy expertise on migration and development issues." [1] [2] [3] The goal is to have it work in close collaboration with the Global Forum on Migration and Development and the Global Migration Group. [1]

Contents

History

KNOMAD grew out of the World Bank's earlier efforts to compile data on migration and remittances; the goal with KNOMAD was to make the process more systematic and encompass a wider range of measures related to migration. KNOMAD's inception phase was May 2011-April 2013. During this time, it held consultations with governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, and academics. It organized global experts' meetings in December 2012 in Geneva and Washington D.C. [1] As part of the inception process, Dilip Ratha, KNOMAD's CEO, shared thoughts on KNOMAD's role in shaping future policy in a blog post for the World Bank's People Move blog. [4]

KNOMAD was announced by the World Bank on April 19, 2013. [3] [5] It entered a five-year implementation phase in May 2013. KNOMAD has collaborated with diverse organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Paris workshop, December 2013) [6] and the United Nations Development Programme (specifically, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research). [7] [8] A number of seminars, conferences, and workshops have been held by KNOMAD in collaboration with other agencies and institutions to further its agenda. [9]

Funding

The KNOMAD is funded by a multi-donor trust fund set up by the World Bank. The largest contributors are the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation [10] and the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany). [1]

People

Dilip Ratha, the CEO of KNOMAD, is also Manager of the Migration and Remittances Unit of the Migrating out of Poverty initiative of the Department for International Development in the United Kingdom as well as the host of the People Move blog of the World Bank. [1] [11]

Research areas

KNOMAD has working groups in the following twelve areas: [12]

  1. Data on migration and remittance flows: [13] The focus here is on improving the availability, accessibility, and scope of data collection as well as establishing and harmonizing data and quality standards.
  2. Skilled labor migration: [14] The focus here is on understanding how skilled migration can best support development, and how the human capital of workers can be augmented in both sending and receiving countries.
  3. Low-skilled labor migration: [15] The focus here is on determining the appropriate mix of policies affecting low-skilled migration, both temporary and permanent, determining how low-skilled migration interacts with regional integration, and understanding the implications of low-skilled migration for social and economic development.
  4. Integration issues in host communities: [16] The focus here is on understanding what categories of migrants should be targeted by integration policies, how integration policies can best be designed to meet stakeholders' needs and values of diversity and freedom, and how integration affects development in sending countries through remittances.
  5. Policy and institutional coherence: [17]
  6. Migration, security and development [18]
  7. Migrant rights and social aspects of migration [19]
  8. Demographic changes and migration [20]
  9. Remittances, including access to finance and capital markets [21]
  10. Mobilizing diaspora resources as agents of social and economic change [22]
  11. Environmental change and migration [23]
  12. Internal migration and urbanization [24]

It also identifies four cross-cutting themes for its work:

The four cross-cutting themes are:

  1. Gender [25]
  2. Monitoring and impact evaluation [26]
  3. Capacity building [27]
  4. Public perceptions and communications [28]

Related Research Articles

Human capital flight Emigration of highly skilled or well-educated individuals

Human capital flight refers to the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a "brain gain" whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a "brain drain". In occupations with a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the underemployment of domestic graduates, whereas emigration from an area with a surplus of trained people leads to better opportunities for those remaining. But emigration may cause problems for the home country if the trained people are in short supply there.

Human migration Movement of people for resettlement

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location. The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally. Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks, facilitating a possible second move. Age is also important for both work and non-work migration. People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration.

Foreign worker

Foreign workers or guest workers are people who work in a country other than one of which they are a citizen. Some foreign workers use a guest worker program in a country with more preferred job prospects than in their home country. Guest workers are often either sent or invited to work outside their home country or have acquired a job before leaving their home country, whereas migrant workers often leave their home country without a specific job in prospect.

An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one region to another, including crossing international borders, seeking an improved standard of living, because the conditions or job opportunities in the migrant's own region are insufficient. The United Nations uses the term migrant worker.

United Nations Institute for Training and Research Teaching institute of the United Nations

The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is a dedicated training arm of the United Nations system. UNITAR provides training and capacity development activities to assist mainly developing countries with special attention to Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and other groups and communities who are most vulnerable, including those in conflict situations.

A skilled worker is any worker who has special skill, training, knowledge which they can then apply to their work. A skilled worker may have attended a college, university or technical school. Alternatively, a skilled worker may have learned their skills on the job. These skills often lead to better outcomes economically. The definition of a skilled worker has seen change throughout the 20th century largely due to the industrial impact of the Great Depression and World War II. Further changes in globalisation have seen this definition shift further in Western Countries, with many jobs moving from manufacturing based sectors to more advanced technical and service based roles. Examples of university educated skilled labor include engineers, scientists, doctors and teachers, while examples of vocationally educated workers include crane operators, CDL truck drivers, machinist, drafters, plumbers, craftsmen, cooks and accountants.

Overseas Filipinos Filipino diaspora

An overseas Filipino is a person of full or partial Filipino origin—i.e., people who trace back their ancestry to the Philippines but living or residing outside the country. This term generally applies to both people of Filipino ancestry and citizens abroad. As of 2019, there were over 12 million Filipinos overseas.

Remittance Money transfer by a foreign worker to their home country

A remittance is a non-commercial transfer of money by a foreign worker, a member of a diaspora community, or a citizen with familial ties abroad, for household income in their home country or homeland. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labor-exporting countries.

Immigration Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however.

The economic results of migration impact the economies of both the sending and receiving countries.

Circular migration

Circular migration or repeat migration is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment. It represents an established pattern of population mobility, whether cross-country or rural-urban. There are several benefits associated with this migration pattern, including gains in financial capital, human capital, and social capital. There also costs associated with circular migration, such as brain drain, poor working conditions, forced labor, and the inability to transfer acquired skills to home economies. Socially, there are strong connections to gender, health outcomes, development, poverty, and global immigration policy.

International migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of the time. Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic opportunities in another country. Others migrate to be with family members who have migrated or because of political conditions in their countries. Education is another reason for international migration, as students pursue their studies abroad, although this migration is often temporary, with a return to the home country after the studies are completed.

Maurice Kugler is a Colombian American economist born in 1967. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from UC Berkeley in 2000, as well as an M.Sc.(Econ) and a B.Sc. (Econ) both from the London School of Economics. Dr. Kugler is Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University in the Schar School of Policy and Government. Prior, he worked as a consultant for the World Bank, where he was senior economist before (2010-2012). Most recently he was Principal Research Scientist and Managing Director at IMPAQ International. Before that, he was head of the Development Research and Data Unit of UNDP, where he was the lead writer of the Human Development Report. He was named in 2007 to the inaugural CIGI Chair in International Public Policy by the Laurier School of Business and Economics. In 2010, CIGI, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, jointly with University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University launched the Balsillie School of International Affairs. Starting in 2007, Dr. Kugler was Visiting Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. The economics bibliographic database IDEAS/RePEc has ranked Dr. Kugler among the top 5 percent of economists worldwide by a number of criteria, including average rank score, the number of citations, the h-index, and the breadth of citations across fields. Also, he has more than 7,500 citations in Google Scholar, with over 20 contributions garnering over 100 citations, reflected in an h-index of 37 and an i10-index of 60.

The Philippine Labor Migration Policy of the Philippine government allows and encourages emigration. The Department of Foreign Affairs, which is one of the government's arms of emigration, grants Filipinos passports that allow entry to foreign countries. The Philippine government enacted the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 in order to "institute the policies of overseas employment and establish a higher standard of protection and promotion of the welfare of migrant workers and their families and overseas Filipinos in distress."

Women migrant workers from developing countries engage in paid employment in countries where they are not citizens. While women have traditionally been considered companions to their husbands in the migratory process, most adult migrant women today are employed in their own right. In 2017, of the 168 million migrant workers, over 68 million were women. The increase in proportion of women migrant workers since the early twentieth century is often referred to as the "feminization of migration".

Dilip Ratha is a scholar of international migration and its relationship with global development. He is known for his role in adding remittances to discussions of migration and development, starting around 2003.

David McKenzie is a lead economist at the World Bank's Development Research Group, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit in Washington, D.C. His research topics include migration, microenterprises, and methodology for use with developing country data.

Burmese in Thailand

Burmese in Thailand constitute Thailand's largest migrant population. According to the 2014 Burma Census, 1,418,472 former Burmese residents, including 812,798 men and 605,674 women, were living in Thailand, constituting about 70% of Burma's overseas population. Burmese in Thailand tend to fall into three categories: professional migrants working in the business or professional sectors, laborers working in low-skilled professions, and refugees fleeing conflict.

Frédéric Docquier is a Belgian economist and Professor of Economics at the Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain). He ranks as one of the leading economists in the field of international migration, with a focus on brain drain and skilled migration.

Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes is a Spanish economist, a Professor in the Economics and Business Management faculty at the University of California, Merced and a Professor and Department Chair at San Diego State University. Since 2015, she has been the Western Representative for a standing committee called the Committee for the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP). Her field of work focuses on the fundamentals of labour economics and international migration, particularly the nature of immigration policies and its impact on migrant's assimilation into the community at a state and local level. Amuedo-Dorantes has published multiple articles in refereed journals including Journal of Public Economics, Journal of Population Economics, International Migration, and Journal of Development Economics.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "About Us". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development". World Bank . Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  3. 1 2 "World Bank Launches Initiative on Migration, Releases New Projections on Remittance Flows". World Bank. April 19, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  4. ↑ Ratha, Dilip (June 10, 2012). "Best practice vs a menu of policy options – and the KNOMAD process" . Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  5. ↑ "World Bank knowledge hub to address migration and remittance". BizTechAfrica. April 23, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Workshop on Strengthening the Migration-Development Nexus through Improved Policy and Institutional Coherence". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. December 4–5, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  7. ↑ "KNOMAD, UNITAR and JMDI give voice to Local Government at the United Nations". United Nations Development Programme. September 30, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  8. ↑ "UN Press Release: KNOMAD, UNITAR and JMDI give voice to Local Government at the United Nations | Migration for development". Migration4Development. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  9. ↑ "Events". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  10. ↑ "The World Bank's Multi-donor Trust Fund: The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development KNOMAD". Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation . Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Dilip Ratha". Migrating out of Poverty initiative of the Department for International Development . Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Thematic Working Groups". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Data on migration and remittance flows". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Skilled labor migration". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Low-skilled labor migration". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Integration issues in host communities". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Policy and institutional coherence". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Migration, security and development". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Migrant rights and social aspects of migration". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
  20. ↑ "Demographic changes and migration". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Remittances, including access to finance and capital markets". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Mobilizing diaspora resources as agents of social and economic change". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Environmental change and migration". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Internal migration and urbanization". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  25. ↑ "Gender". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Monitoring and impact evaluation". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Capacity building". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Public perceptions and communications". KNOMAD. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
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