Katharina Ribbeck

Last updated
Katharina Ribbeck
Katharina Ribbeck2.jpg
Born
Darmstadt, Germany
Alma materUniversity of Heidelberg, Germany
Known forStudies on the role of mucus in human health, mucus’ influence on the behavior of harmful pathogens, and the molecular mechanism by which the nuclear pore mediates selective transport
Scientific career
FieldsBiological Engineering
Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Harvard University
Thesis Mechanistic analysis of transport through the nuclear pore complex  (2001)
Academic advisorsDirk Görlich, Tim Mitchison, Iain Mattaj, Andrew Murray, Jan Ellenberg
Videos and articles
Searchtool.svg TED-Ed: How mucus keeps us healthy
Searchtool.svg Science Friday: It's snot what you think
Searchtool.svg STAT News: Why mucus is the ‘unsung hero’ of the human body
Searchtool.svg WIRED: How the Sugars in Spit Tame the Body’s Unruly Fungi
Searchtool.svg MIT Technology Review: The science of slime
Searchtool.svg MIT Spectrum: A slippery viral defense

Katharina Ribbeck is a German-American biologist. She is the Andrew (1956) and Erna Viterbi Professor of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [1] She is known as one of the first researchers to study how mucus impacts microbial behavior. [2] [3] Ribbeck investigates both the function of mucus as a barrier to pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses [4] [5] [6] and how mucus can be leveraged for therapeutic purposes. [1] She has also studied changes that cervical mucus undergoes before birth, which may lead to a novel diagnostic for the risk of preterm birth. [7]

Contents

Education

Ribbeck received her B.S. in biology [1] [8] from the University of Heidelberg in 1998. During her senior year, she attended the University of California, San Diego, to study neurobiology for her diploma thesis. [2] She earned her Ph.D. in biology, also from the University of Heidelberg, in 2001. [9]

Career

Upon completing her Ph.D., Ribbeck continued her research as a postdoctoral scientist at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, and then Harvard Medical School. After her postdoctoral research, she moved to Harvard University as an independent Bauer Fellow in 2007, where she began to investigate how particles and bacteria move through mucus barriers. [10]

In 2010, Ribbeck moved to the Department of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an assistant professor. [1] She attained tenure as a full professor in 2017. [11]

Research on nuclear pore complexes

During her Ph.D. work, Ribbeck investigated the selective transport of molecules through the nuclear pore complex, [12] [13] which is partly mediated by a hydrogel barrier. With her Ph.D. advisor, Dirk Görlich, Ribbeck developed a selective phase model for molecular transport through the nuclear pore barrier. [14] [15] Görlich and Ribbeck also showed that molecular transport through nuclear pore complexes may be facilitated by hydrophobic interactions. [15]

Research on mitotic spindles

As a postdoctoral researcher at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ribbeck studied proteins involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle, a dynamic bundle consisting of proteins and molecules that aids in chromosome segregation during cell division. [16] Her research contributed to the discovery of a novel protein (NuSAP) that plays a crucial role in mitotic spindle organization. [17]

Research on mucus

In 2007, Ribbeck's research returned to hydrogels, with a specific focus on mucus, i.e., a large natural hydrogel that is closely related to the polymer network she and Görlich had proposed to exist within nuclear pore complexes. [15] [18] [19] Her work has elucidated the role of mucins, a primary component of mucus, in human health. [2] Ribbeck is known for her pioneering work in this field, which has shown that mucus plays an active role in protecting against harmful pathogens, [20] [21] including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Specifically, her research has shown that mucins and their associated sugar chains (glycans) can "tame" pathogens by inhibiting virulence traits such as biofilm formation, cell adhesion, and toxin secretion. [22] [23] [24] [25]

She has shown that mucins prevent bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans , the bacteria that cause tooth decay, from forming biofilms, which make them hard to eradicate. [26] [27] Ribbeck demonstrated that mucin glycans can reduce the virulence of pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , [22] [23] [28] a bacterium that can cause illness in individuals with cystic fibrosis or compromised immune systems, by inhibiting the cell-cell communication, toxin secretion, and biofilm formation ability of these bacteria.

Ribbeck's work has also demonstrated the role of mucus in protecting against fungal infections. Her studies have shown that mucins and specific mucin glycans induce a morphological change, accompanied by a reduction in biofilm formation and cell adhesion, in Candida albicans , a fungal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases in humans. [24] [29] Her work has also shown that mucins found in multiple types of mucus, including human spit, can prevent fungal pathogens from causing disease in healthy humans. [24] [27] [30]

Ribbeck identified a correlation between the properties of mucus in the cervix in pregnant women and the likelihood of preterm birth [31] and has developed probes to test mucus permeability as a step towards diagnosing the risk for premature birth. [32]

Ribbeck has extensively investigated the biophysical properties of mucus and other hydrogels and the mechanisms by which some particles and molecules, including viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, [33] selectively pass through the barrier. [18] [34] [35] [36] Ribbeck has also studied hydrogels produced by pathogens and has found that the extracellular matrix formed by the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa protects the bacterium against antibiotics. [37]

Ribbeck has investigated approaches for engineering mucus, with the aim of potentially influencing the population of bacteria in the human body. [38] [39] In collaboration with others, Ribbeck demonstrated that synthetic mucins can block toxins produced by Vibrio cholerae , the bacteria that causes cholera. [25] [40] She has also shown that purified foreign mucins can prevent viruses from infecting cells and suggested that they could be used to supplement the anti-viral activity of native mucins. [41]

Ribbeck has given presentation about her work on mucus at the MIT Museum and the Boston Museum of Science. Regarding educating others on the importance of mucus in human health, she has stated: [8]

"The intention here is to really introduce a field to the generations to come, so they grow up understanding that mucus is not a waste product. It's an integral part of our physiology and a really important piece of our health. If we understand it, it can really give us a lot of information that will help us stay healthy and possibly treat diseases." [8]

In 2015, Ribbeck and her team produced a TED-Ed lesson to provide basic education about mucus and its role in human health. [42] Ribbeck has been interviewed on NPR [43] and STAT news [3] and has been featured in articles in WIRED [30] and MIT News. [2] [20] [28]

Awards and recognitions

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biofilm</span> Aggregation of bacteria on a surface shielding them from harmful substances in the environment

A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric combination of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have a three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteriocin</span> Class of bacterially produced peptide antibiotics

Bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s). They are similar to yeast and paramecium killing factors, and are structurally, functionally, and ecologically diverse. Applications of bacteriocins are being tested to assess their application as narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

<i>Pseudomonas</i> Genus of Gram-negative bacteria

Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The 313 members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a wide range of niches. Their ease of culture in vitro and availability of an increasing number of Pseudomonas strain genome sequences has made the genus an excellent focus for scientific research; the best studied species include P. aeruginosa in its role as an opportunistic human pathogen, the plant pathogen P. syringae, the soil bacterium P. putida, and the plant growth-promoting P. fluorescens, P. lini, P. migulae, and P. graminis.

<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Species of bacterium

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, bacillus (rod-shaped), anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. It has the shortest reported generation time of any organism at 6.3 minutes in thioglycolate medium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mucus</span> Secretion produced by mucous membranes

Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes. It is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands, although it may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous cells. It is a viscous colloid containing inorganic salts, antimicrobial enzymes, immunoglobulins, and glycoproteins such as lactoferrin and mucins, which are produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes and submucosal glands. Mucus serves to protect epithelial cells in the linings of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems, and structures in the visual and auditory systems from pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Most of the mucus in the body is produced in the gastrointestinal tract.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secretion</span> Controlled release of substances by cells or tissues

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical mechanism of cell secretion is via secretory portals at the plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures embedded in the cell membrane, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intra-vesicular contents from the cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mucin</span> Glycoprotein

Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by epithelial tissues in most animals. Mucins' key characteristic is their ability to form gels; therefore they are a key component in most gel-like secretions, serving functions from lubrication to cell signalling to forming chemical barriers. They often take an inhibitory role. Some mucins are associated with controlling mineralization, including nacre formation in mollusks, calcification in echinoderms and bone formation in vertebrates. They bind to pathogens as part of the immune system. Overexpression of the mucin proteins, especially MUC1, is associated with many types of cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudomonadaceae</span> Family of gram-negative bacteria

The Pseudomonadaceae are a family of bacteria which includes the genera Azomonas, Azorhizophilus, Azotobacter, Mesophilobacter, Pseudomonas, and Rugamonas. The family Azotobacteraceae was recently reclassified into this family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goblet cell</span> Epithelial cells that secrete mucins

Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin 2 in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and mucin 5AC in the respiratory tract. The goblet cells mainly use the merocrine method of secretion, secreting vesicles into a duct, but may use apocrine methods, budding off their secretions, when under stress. The term goblet refers to the cell's goblet-like shape. The apical portion is shaped like a cup, as it is distended by abundant mucus laden granules; its basal portion lacks these granules and is shaped like a stem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alginic acid</span> Polysaccharide found in brown algae

Alginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae. It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. When the alginic acid binds with sodium and calcium ions, the resulting salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms.

<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, aerobic–facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. A species of considerable medical importance, P. aeruginosa is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses – hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes. P. aeruginosa is able to selectively inhibit various antibiotics from penetrating its outer membrane - and has high resistance to several antibiotics. According to the World Health Organization P. aeruginosa poses one of the greatest threats to humans in terms of antibiotic resistance.

Rhamnose is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose predominantly occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose). This is unusual, since most of the naturally occurring sugars are in D-form. Exceptions are the methyl pentoses L-fucose and L-rhamnose and the pentose L-arabinose. However, examples of naturally-occurring D-rhamnose include some species of bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Helicobacter pylori.

<i>N</i>-Acetylneuraminic acid Chemical compound

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A cervical mucus plug (operculum) is a plug that fills and seals the cervical canal during pregnancy. It is formed by a small amount of cervical mucus that condenses to form a cervical mucus plug during pregnancy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mucosal immunology</span> Field of study

Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract, and the respiratory system. The mucous membranes are in constant contact with microorganisms, food, and inhaled antigens. In healthy states, the mucosal immune system protects the organism against infectious pathogens and maintains a tolerance towards non-harmful commensal microbes and benign environmental substances. Disruption of this balance between tolerance and deprivation of pathogens can lead to pathological conditions such as food allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, susceptibility to infections, and more.

<i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> Species of bacterium

Akkermansia muciniphila is a human intestinal symbiont, isolated from human feces. It is a mucin-degrading bacterium belonging to the genus Akkermansia, discovered in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and Willem de Vos at Wageningen University of the Netherlands. It belongs to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota and its type strain is MucT. It is under preliminary research for its potential association with metabolic disorders.

Membrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific release locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell. It takes place in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs).

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twitching motility</span> Form of crawling bacterial motility

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jessica A. Scoffield</span> American microbiologist

Jessica A. Scoffield is an American microbiologist and an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine. Scoffield studies the mechanisms by which oral commensal bacteria interfere with pathogenic bacterial growth in order to inform the development of active therapeutic tools to prevent drug resistant pathogen infection. In 2019, Scoffield became the inaugural recipient of the American Association for Dental Research Procter and Gamble Underrepresented Faculty Research Fellowship.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 "The science of slime". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  3. 1 2 "WATCH: Why mucus is the 'unsung hero' of the human body". STAT. 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  4. ↑ "Mucus Is Beneficial In The Fight Against Bacteria". Medical News Today. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  5. ↑ Walter, Kenny (2017-04-27). "Synthetic Mucus Helps Fight Antibiotic Resistance". Research & Development. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  6. ↑ Trafton, Anne. "The science of slime". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  7. ↑ "Test of cervical mucus may reveal pregnant women's risk of going into labor too early". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  8. 1 2 3 "Exploring the many roles of mucus". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  9. ↑ "Universität Heidelberg". www.uni-heidelberg.de. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  10. ↑ Lieleg, Oliver; Vladescu, Ioana; Ribbeck, Katharina (2010-05-19). "Characterization of particle translocation through mucin hydrogels". Biophysical Journal. 98 (9): 1782–1789. Bibcode:2010BpJ....98.1782L. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.01.012. ISSN   1542-0086. PMC   2862156 . PMID   20441741.
  11. ↑ "The tenured engineers of 2017". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  12. ↑ Ribbeck, K.; Kutay, U.; Paraskeva, E.; Görlich, D. (1999-01-14). "The translocation of transportin-cargo complexes through nuclear pores is independent of both Ran and energy". Current Biology. 9 (1): 47–50. Bibcode:1999CBio....9...47R. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80046-3. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-002D-1CB6-0 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   9889126. S2CID   15414916.
  13. ↑ Ribbeck, Katharina; Görlich, Dirk (2002-06-03). "The permeability barrier of nuclear pore complexes appears to operate via hydrophobic exclusion". The EMBO Journal. 21 (11): 2664–2671. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.11.2664. ISSN   0261-4189. PMC   126029 . PMID   12032079.
  14. ↑ Marte, Barbara (June 2001). "Passage through the nuclear pore". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (6): E135. doi: 10.1038/35078596 . ISSN   1476-4679. PMID   11389450. S2CID   34734320.
  15. 1 2 3 Ribbeck, Katharina; Görlich, Dirk (2001-03-15). "Kinetic analysis of translocation through nuclear pore complexes". The EMBO Journal. 20 (6): 1320–1330. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.6.1320. ISSN   0261-4189. PMC   145537 . PMID   11250898.
  16. ↑ Ribbeck, Katharina; Groen, Aaron C.; Santarella, Rachel; Bohnsack, Markus T.; Raemaekers, Tim; Köcher, Thomas; Gentzel, Marc; Görlich, Dirk; Wilm, Matthias; Carmeliet, Geert; Mitchison, Timothy J.; Ellenberg, Jan; Hoenger, Andreas; Mattaj, Iain W. (2006-06-01). "NuSAP, a Mitotic RanGTP Target That Stabilizes and Cross-links Microtubules". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (6): 2646–2660. doi:10.1091/mbc.e05-12-1178. ISSN   1059-1524. PMC   1474800 . PMID   16571672.
  17. ↑ Raemaekers, Tim; Ribbeck, Katharina; Beaudouin, Joël; Annaert, Wim; Van Camp, Mark; Stockmans, Ingrid; Smets, Nico; Bouillon, Roger; Ellenberg, Jan; Carmeliet, Geert (September 8, 2003). "NuSAP, a novel microtubule-associated protein involved in mitotic spindle organization". Journal of Cell Biology. 162 (6): 1017–1029. doi:10.1083/jcb.200302129. PMC   2172854 . PMID   12963707 . Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  18. 1 2 Li, Leon D.; Crouzier, Thomas; Sarkar, Aniruddh; Dunphy, Laura; Han, Jongyoon; Ribbeck, Katharina (2013-09-17). "Spatial configuration and composition of charge modulates transport into a mucin hydrogel barrier". Biophysical Journal. 105 (6): 1357–1365. Bibcode:2013BpJ...105.1357L. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.050. ISSN   1542-0086. PMC   3785869 . PMID   24047986.
  19. ↑ Samad, Tahoura; Witten, Jacob; Grodzinsky, Alan J.; Ribbeck, Katharina (2022-01-18). "Spatial configuration of charge and hydrophobicity tune particle transport through mucus". Biophysical Journal. 121 (2): 277–287. Bibcode:2022BpJ...121..277S. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.018. ISSN   1542-0086. PMC   8790233 . PMID   34951982.
  20. 1 2 "Molecules found in mucus can thwart fungal infection". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  21. ↑ "Not as Gross as It Sounds: Predicting How Bacteria in Mucus Affect Human Health". UVA Today. 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  22. 1 2 Wheeler, Kelsey M.; Cárcamo-Oyarce, Gerardo; Turner, Bradley S.; Dellos-Nolan, Sheri; Co, Julia Y.; Lehoux, Sylvain; Cummings, Richard D.; Wozniak, Daniel J.; Ribbeck, Katharina (December 2019). "Mucin glycans attenuate the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in infection". Nature Microbiology. 4 (12): 2146–2154. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0581-8. ISSN   2058-5276. PMC   7157942 . PMID   31611643.
  23. 1 2 Wang, Benjamin X.; Wheeler, Kelsey M.; Cady, Kyle C.; Lehoux, Sylvain; Cummings, Richard D.; Laub, Michael T.; Ribbeck, Katharina (2021-01-11). "Mucin Glycans Signal through the Sensor Kinase RetS to Inhibit Virulence-Associated Traits in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Current Biology. 31 (1): 90–102.e7. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E..90W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.088. ISSN   0960-9822. PMC   8759707 . PMID   33125866.
  24. 1 2 3 Takagi, Julie; Aoki, Kazuhiro; Turner, Bradley S.; Lamont, Sabrina; Lehoux, Sylvain; Kavanaugh, Nicole; Gulati, Megha; Valle Arevalo, Ashley; Lawrence, Travis J.; Kim, Colin Y.; Bakshi, Bhavya; Ishihara, Mayumi; Nobile, Clarissa J.; Cummings, Richard D.; Wozniak, Daniel J. (July 2022). "Mucin O-glycans are natural inhibitors of Candida albicans pathogenicity". Nature Chemical Biology. 18 (7): 762–773. doi:10.1038/s41589-022-01035-1. ISSN   1552-4469. PMC   7613833 . PMID   35668191.
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  35. ↑ Chen, Wesley G.; Witten, Jacob; Grindy, Scott C.; Holten-Andersen, Niels; Ribbeck, Katharina (2017-11-07). "Charge Influences Substrate Recognition and Self-Assembly of Hydrophobic FG Sequences". Biophysical Journal. 113 (9): 2088–2099. Bibcode:2017BpJ...113.2088C. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.058. ISSN   1542-0086. PMC   5685782 . PMID   29117531.
  36. ↑ Wagner, C. E.; Wheeler, K. M.; Ribbeck, K. (2018). "Mucins and Their Role in Shaping the Functions of Mucus Barriers". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 34: 189–215. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062818 . ISSN   1530-8995. PMID   30296390. S2CID   52941033.
  37. ↑ Billings, Nicole; Millan, MariaRamirez; Caldara, Marina; Rusconi, Roberto; Tarasova, Yekaterina; Stocker, Roman; Ribbeck, Katharina (2013). "The extracellular matrix Component Psl provides fast-acting antibiotic defense in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (8): e1003526. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003526 . ISSN   1553-7374. PMC   3738486 . PMID   23950711.
  38. ↑ Werlang, Caroline; Cárcarmo-Oyarce, Gerardo; Ribbeck, Katharina (February 2019). "Engineering mucus to study and influence the microbiome". Nature Reviews Materials. 4 (2): 134–145. Bibcode:2019NatRM...4..134W. doi:10.1038/s41578-018-0079-7. ISSN   2058-8437. S2CID   92604550.
  39. ↑ Wagner, C.E.; Wheeler, K.M.; Ribbeck, K. (2018-10-06). "Mucins and Their Role in Shaping the Functions of Mucus Barriers". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 34 (1): 189–215. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062818 . ISSN   1081-0706. PMID   30296390. S2CID   52941033.
  40. ↑ Kruger, Austin G.; Brucks, Spencer D.; Yan, Tao; Cárcarmo-Oyarce, Gerardo; Wei, Yuan; Wen, Deborah H.; Carvalho, Dayanne R.; Hore, Michael J. A.; Ribbeck, Katharina; Schrock, Richard R.; Kiessling, Laura L. (2021-04-28). "Stereochemical Control Yields Mucin Mimetic Polymers". ACS Central Science. 7 (4): 624–630. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c01569. ISSN   2374-7943. PMC   8155468 . PMID   34056092.
  41. ↑ Lieleg, Oliver; Lieleg, Corinna; Bloom, Jesse; Buck, Christopher B.; Ribbeck, Katharina (2012-06-11). "Mucin biopolymers as broad-spectrum antiviral agents". Biomacromolecules. 13 (6): 1724–1732. doi:10.1021/bm3001292. ISSN   1526-4602. PMC   3597216 . PMID   22475261.
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  45. ↑ "Merck Presents 2007 Awards for Genome-Related Research". Harvard University - Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology. 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  46. ↑ "Alumni Awards - The John Kendrew Award - EMBL". www.embl.de. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  47. ↑ "The Brilliant Ten of 2014". Popular Science. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  48. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award#1454673 - Career: Selective Transport in Biological Hydrogels – From Design Principles to Mechanisms". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
  49. ↑ "MIT School of Engineering | » Teaching Awards". Mit Engineering. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  50. ↑ "Harold E. Edgerton Faculty Achievement Award". MIT Institutional Research. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
  51. ↑ "Bose grants for 2018 fund research at the frontier of discovery". MIT News. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
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