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Native American gaming comprises casinos,bingo halls,and other gambling operations on Indian reservations or other tribal lands in the United States. Because these areas have tribal sovereignty,states have limited ability to forbid gambling there,as codified by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988. As of 2011,there were 460 gambling operations run by 240 tribes,with a total annual revenue of $27 billion.
Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the concept of the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.
The Kumeyaay,also known as Tipai-Ipai or by their historical Spanish name Diegueño,is a tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Americas who live at the northern border of Baja California in Mexico and the southern border of California in the United States. Their Kumeyaay language belongs to the Yuman–Cochimílanguage family.
The Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Mission Indians from Southern California,located in an unincorporated area of San Diego County just east of El Cajon. The Sycuan band are a Kumeyaay tribe,one of the four ethnic groups indigenous to San Diego County.
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is a 1988 United States federal law that establishes the jurisdictional framework that governs Indian gaming. There was no federal gaming structure before this act. The stated purposes of the act include providing a legislative basis for the operation/regulation of Indian gaming,protecting gaming as a means of generating revenue for the tribes,encouraging economic development of these tribes,and protecting the enterprises from negative influences. The law established the National Indian Gaming Commission and gave it a regulatory mandate. The law also delegated new authority to the U.S. Department of the Interior and created new federal offenses,giving the U.S. Department of Justice authority to prosecute them.
Mission Indians are the indigenous peoples of California who lived in Southern California and were forcibly relocated from their traditional dwellings,villages,and homelands to live and work at 15 Franciscan missions in Southern California and the Asistencias and Estancias established between 1796 and 1823 in the Las Californias Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
The Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok in Amador County,California. The Buena Vista Miwok are Sierra Miwok,an indigenous people of California.
Katherine Siva Saubel was a Native American scholar,educator,tribal leader,author,and activist committed to preserving her Cahuilla history,culture and language. Her efforts focused on preserving the language of the Cahuilla. Saubel is acknowledged nationally and internationally as one of California's most respected Native American leaders. She received an honorary PhD in philosophy from La Sierra University,Riverside,California,and was awarded the Chancellor's Medal,the highest honor bestowed by the University of California at the University of California,Riverside.
Reservations in the United States,known as Indian reservations,are sovereign Native American territories that are managed by a tribal government in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs,a branch of the Department of the Interior,located in Washington,DC. There are 334 reservations in the United States today. As of 2008,almost a third of Native Americans in the United States live on reservations,totaling approximately 700,000 individuals. About half of all Native Americans living on reservations are concentrated on the ten largest reservations.
Tribal-state compacts are declared necessary for any Class III gaming on Indian reservations under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 (IGRA). They were designed to allow tribal and state governments to come to a "business" agreement. A compact can be thought of as "negotiated agreement between two political entities that resolves questions of overlapping jurisdictional responsibilities Compacts affect the delicate power balance between states,federal,and tribal governments. It is these forms that have been a major source of controversy surrounding Indian gaming. Thus,it is understandable that the IGRA provides very detailed instructions for how states and tribes can make compacts cooperatively and also details the instructions for how the federal government can regulate such agreements.
The Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming at the San Diego State University College of Professional Studies &Fine Arts is focused on research,policy and education around tribal gaming management within the broader industry of hospitality and tourism management.
The impact of Native American gaming depends on the tribe and its location. In the 1970s,various tribes took unprecedented action to initiate gaming enterprises. In this groundbreaking revitalization of the Native American economy,they created a series of legal struggles between the federal,state,and tribal governments. Native American gaming has grown from bingo parlors to high-stakes gaming,and is deeply controversial. Disputes include tribal sovereignty,negative impact of gaming,and a loss of Native American culture. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed in 1988 to secure collaboration between the states and tribes and also for the federal government to oversee gaming operations. Gaming is extremely lucrative for several tribes,but it has also been unsuccessful in some instances.
Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeño Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla and Cupeño Indians,who were Mission Indians located in California.
The Morongo Band of Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe in California,United States. The main tribal groups are Cahuilla and Serrano. Tribal members also include Cupeño,Luiseño,and Chemehuevi Indians. Although many tribes in California are known as Mission Indians,some,such as those at Morongo,were never a part of the Spanish Missions in California.
The Inaja Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay Indians,who are sometimes known as Mission Indians.
Bryan v. Itasca County,426 U.S. 373 (1976),was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state did not have the right to assess a tax on the property of a Native American (Indian) living on tribal land absent a specific Congressional grant of authority to do so.
Anna Prieto Sandoval was an American leader of the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation of southern California and a Native American gaming enterprises pioneer. She is credited with lifting the Sycuan Band reservation,which was plagued by poverty and substandard housing,to self-sufficiency by pioneering casino gambling on the reservation.
Florence C. Shipek professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside,was an American anthropologist and ethnohistorian,a leading authority on Southern California Indians.
Kumeyaay Community College is a public community college in the U.S. state of California. Established in 2004 by the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation through gaming revenues,it is located on the Sycuan Indian Reservation near El Cajon.
References
- ↑ Levy, Paul (2003-02-04). "The link between Harvard, reservation baffles researchers". Star Tribune. pp. A5. Retrieved 2019-11-16– via Newspapers.com.
- 1 2 3 Jorgensen, Miriam (2007). Rebuilding Native Nations: Strategies for Governance and Development. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816524235.
- 1 2 Spilde, Katherine Ann (1993). "I'm gonna get mines": drugs, ethics and hope on the streets of Washington, D.C. (Thesis). OCLC 28644790.
- ↑ "Lucky break". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 1998-09-12. p. 40. Retrieved 2019-11-16– via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Spilde, Katherine Ann (1998). Acts of sovereignty, acts of identity: negotiating interdependence through tribal government gaming on the White Earth Indian Reservation. OCLC 40710358.
- 1 2 "About Katherine Spilde". L. Robert Payne School of Hospitality and Tourism Management. San Diego State University. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
- ↑ "Katherine Spilde Papers On Native American Gaming Available For Researchers". Libraries News Blog. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
