Diwan Kaura Mal | |
---|---|
Mughal governor of Multan | |
In office 1748–1751 | |
Monarch | Ahmad Shah Bahadur |
Preceded by | Nawab Zahid Khan (as Mughal governor) |
Succeeded by | Ali Muhammad Khan Khakwani (as Durrani governor) |
Personal details | |
Born | Shorkot,Subah of Lahore |
Died | 1752 Lahore |
Kaura Mal was a Mughal-era administrator who served as subedar of Multan between 1748 and 1751. He served as Diwan of Lahore and Multan on various occasions as well. Kaura Mal is notable for being one of the few Sahajdhari Sikhs in the service of Mughal officials.
Kaura Mal was the son of Vallu Ram,an Arora of Chuggh clan,originally from Shorkot in the Subah of Lahore. He started his career in the service of the governor of Lahore Zakariya Khan,who had him appointed as the Diwan of Multan after he helped in the capture and execution of Pannah Bhatti,a rebel chief,in 1738. [1]
In 1746,Diwan Lakhpat Rai,in order to avenge the death of his brother Jaspat Rai vowed to exterminate the Sikh sect and carried out the massacre of Sikhs,in an event known as Chhota Ghallughara,in spite of the pleads of Kaura Mal and the Hindu gentry of Lahore. Disgusted,Kaura Mal went to Multan and took service under Shah Nawaz Khan,Multan's governor and brother of Yahya Khan,the governor of Lahore. Soon a civil war broke out between the brothers and Shah Nawaz Khan became governor of Lahore as well,and Kaura Mal was appointed the Diwan of Lahore in 1747. [2]
In 1748,Punjab was invaded by Ahmad Shah Abdali and Shah Nawaz Khan was forced to flee. However,after the defeat of the Afghans in the Battle of Manupur Mughal control over Lahore was re-established. The newly appointed governor of Lahore Mir Mannu not only made Kaura Mal his Diwan but also appointed him as the deputy governor of Multan. [3]
In 1748/1749,quarrel broke out between Nawab Zahid Khan and Shah Nawaz Khan over the governorship of Multan. Mir Mannu sent Kaura Mal who defeated and killed Shah Nawaz Khan in a battle;Zahid Khan retired to Sitpur while Kaura Mal assumed the charge of Multan,Thatta and Derajat. [2] [4]
Kaura Mal was again recalled by Mir Mannu in October 1751 during Ahmad Shah's second invasion. He was killed by Bazid Khan of Kasur in a battle near Lahore at the instance of Adina Beg,the foujdar of Jalandhar Doab. [5] [6] [7]
Gujrat is the thirteenth largest city in the Pakistani province of Punjab. Located on the western bank of the Chenab River in northern Punjab's Chaj Do'āb,it serves as the headquarters of the eponymous district and disvision;and is the 20th most populous in Pakistan,with a population of 390,533 in 2017. Along with Sialkot and Gujranwala,Gujrat forms part of the "Golden Triangle of Punjab",as these industrial cities have export-oriented economies.
Multan is a city in Punjab,Pakistan,located on the bank of river Chenab. It is one of the five largest urban centres of Pakistan in 2025 and is the administrative centre of Multan Division. It is a major cultural,religious and economic centre of Punjab region. Located in central Pakistan,with a district population of 5.3 million,it is the main hub of Southern Punjab.
Ahmad Shah Bahadur,also known as Mirza Ahmad Shah or Mujahid-ud-Din Ahmad Shah Ghazi,was the fourteenth Mughal emperor,born to Emperor Muhammad Shah. He succeeded his father to the throne in 1748,at the age of 22. When Ahmed Shah Bahadur came to power,the Mughal Empire started to decline. Furthermore,his administrative weakness eventually led to the rise of the usurping Imad-ul-Mulk.
Guru Nanak founded the Sikh religion in the Punjab region of the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like fasting,Upanayana,idolatry,caste system,ascetism,azan,economic materialism,and gender discrimination.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (1723–1803) was a prominent Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy. He was the founder of the Ramgarhia Misl.
The Afghan–Sikh wars spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the Indian subcontinent,and saw multiple phases of fighting between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire,mainly in and around Punjab region. The conflict's origins stemmed from the days of the Dal Khalsa,and continued after the Emirate of Kabul succeeded the Durrani Empire.
Adina Beg Khan was a Punjabi general,administrator,and statesman who served as the Nawab of Punjab from April 1758 until his death in September of the same year. He began his career as a patwari (accountant) and later as a sepoy after joining the Mughal army,eventually drawing the attention of the Punjabi nobles. After serving through various posts,he was appointed as the Subahdar of the entirety of Punjab by Raghunath Rao on behalf of Rajaram II and later recognised as the Nawab by Emperor Alamgir II during the power vacuum in 1758,earning him the title Zafar Jang Bahadur.
Zakariya Khan,alternatively spelt as Zakaria Khan,was the Mughal subahdar of the Lahore and Multan subahs from 1726 till his death in 1745,succeeding his father,Abd al-Samad Khan,at the both posts.
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The Battle of Manupur was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Durrani Empire in March 1748 at the frontiers of Sirhind which ended in victory for the Indian coalition.
The Battle of Lahore was battle which took place between the invading Ahmed Shah Abdali and Mir Mannu,the Mughal governor of Punjab in 1752. It took place at Lahore in current day Punjab province of Pakistan. After the Mughals were defeated,Abdali decided to retain Mannu as the city's governor on his own behalf.
The Subah of Lahore was one of the three subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab region,alongside Multan and Delhi subahs,encompassing the northern,central and eastern Punjab. It was created as one of the original 12 Subahs of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by Akbar in 1580. In 1752,the Subahdar Moin-ul-Mulk transferred his allegiance to Ahmad Shah Durrani. The province ceased to exist as a political unit after the death of Adina Beg in 1758,with large parts being incorporated into Durrani Empire. Collectively,Lahore and Multan subahs,and parts of Delhi subah,comprised "Mughal Punjab".
The Subah of Multan was one of the three subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab region,alongside Lahore and Delhi subahs. It was also amongst the original twelve Mughal provinces,encompassing southern parts of Punjab,stretching towards parts of the regions of Pashtunistan and Balochistan,bordering Kandahar Province and the Persian Safavid Empire. It was one of the largest and most important provinces of the Mughal Empire. The province was annexed by Durrani Empire in 1752,with Ali Mohammad Khakwani as its first Durrani governor.
Mian-Moin-ul-Mulk,also known by his title Mir Mannu,was the Mughal and later Durrani governor of the Punjab between 1748 and 1753.
Shuja Khan was the Durrani governor of Multan between 1767 and 1772.
Zahid Khan was the Mughal subedar of Multan province,for over a year from 1747 to 1748. He descended from an ethnic Saddozai Pashtun family long domiciled in Multan,and rose to the position of Nawab of Multan in the aftermath of the invasion of Nader Shah,owing to his personal relations with the Mughal courtier Qamar-ud-Din Khan.
The Battle of Lahore was fought between Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Durrani and Mughal forces under Shah Nawaz on 11 January 1748. Zakriya Khan,the Mughal Governor of Lahore,died in 1745 and was succeeded by his son,Yahya Khan. Yahya Khan's governorship over Lahore was soon challenged by his brother,Shah Nawaz,who was the governor of Multan. This resulted in a war between the two brothers,lasting from November 1746 to March 1747. Shah Nawaz won the war then usurped the governorship of Lahore. He appointed Kaura Mal as his diwan and recognized Adina Beg Khan as the Faujdar of the Jalandhar Doaba. Shah Nawaz used his captive brother as a bargaining tool in order to get recognition from the Delhi government. However,following Yahya Khan's escape from captivity,Shah Nawaz sought help from abroad. He turned to Ahmad Shah Durrani,who had just taken the city of Kabul from the Mughals. Ahmad Shah agreed to assist him,and left Peshawar in December 1747. However,Shah Nawaz then changed his allegiance back to the Mughals,and fought a battle against Ahmad Shah near Lahore. The battle was won by the Afghans,who briefly occupied the city of Lahore.
The siege of Ram Rauni was a 4 months siege fought between the Sikh forces led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and the Mughal forces of Adina Beg,Dewan Kaura Mal,Mirza Aziz Khan and Bakhshi Nasir Ali Khan Jalandri.
The Battle of Multan,also known as the Battle of Daurana Langana was fought in September 1749 by Kaura Mal's Mughal forces assisted by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's Sikhs and the Mughal forces under Shah Nawaz Khan.
Shah Nawaz Khan was a son of Zakariya Khan Bahadur,the combined governor of Lahore and Multan subahs between 1726 and 1745. He succeeded Zakariya Khan as the governor of Multan after his death in 1745,while his brother Yahya Khan became governor of Lahore.