Keeled scales

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Keeled scales on a colubrid snake, Amphiesma stolatum AB Keeled Scales.jpg
Keeled scales on a colubrid snake, Amphiesma stolatum

Keeled scales refer to reptile scales that, rather than being smooth, have a ridge down the center that may or may not extend to the tip of the scale, [1] making them rough to the touch. According to Street's (1979) description of European lizards and snakes, in those that have keeled scales the keels are usually stronger in male specimens and are consistently arranged according to the species of reptiles, even though many others do not have them. With European lizards, the dorsal scales are usually well keeled, while those on the flanks are more weakly keeled and those on the belly smooth. [2] Non-European lizards such as Sphaerodactylus macrolepis also display keeled scales. [3]

Klauber (1997), describes how the keels on the scales of Crotalus rattlesnakes are particularly strong mid-dorsally, but gradually weaken on the lateral rows with the ventral scales being smooth. He stated that the function of the keels was uncertain, but that since they reduced shininess, and thus made it easier for the animals to conceal themselves, it afforded them an evolutionary advantage. [4] Diurnal species have been shown to more often have keeled scales as opposed to nocturnal species, backing up this theory.

The purposes of keeled scales are largely understudied, but some other uses may include locomotion in arboreal and grass-dwelling species. [5] Water collection has been shown in some rattlesnakes, though the nanostructure of the scales is thought to be more significant than the macrostructure (keel) of the scales. [6]

In some viperines, most notably those of the genus Echis , the lateral scales are not only keeled, but the keels have minute serrations. The snakes use this in a warning and threat display: the body is arranged into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together continuously to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. This method of making sound is called stridulation. [7]

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References

  1. ↑ Campbell, J. A., Lamar, W. W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. ISBN   0-8014-4141-2.
  2. ↑ Street, D. (1979). The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp. ISBN   0-7134-1374-3.
  3. ↑ DAZA, JUAN D.; PINTO, BRENDAN J.; THOMAS, RICHARD; HERRERA-MARTINEZ, ALEXANDRA; SCANTLEBURY, DANIEL P.; GARCÍA, LUIS F. PADILLA; BALARAMAN, RAJESH P.; PERRY, GAD; GAMBLE, TONY (2019-12-19). "

    The sprightly little sphaerodactyl: Systematics and biogeography of
    the Puerto Rican dwarf geckos Sphaerodactylus (Gekkota, Sphaerodactylidae)

    "    . Zootaxa. 4712 (2): 151–201. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   32230683.
  4. ↑ Klauber, L. M. (1997). Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   0-520-21056-5.
  5. ↑ Gans, Carl (1962). "Terrestrial Locomotion without Limbs". American Zoologist. 2 (2): 167–182. doi:10.1093/icb/2.2.167. ISSN   0003-1569. JSTOR   3881207.
  6. ↑ Phadnis, Akshay; Manning, Kenneth C.; Schuett, Gordon W.; Rykaczewski, Konrad (2019-12-17). "Role of Scale Wettability on Rain-Harvesting Behavior in a Desert-Dwelling Rattlesnake". ACS Omega. 4 (25): 21141–21147. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b02557. ISSN   2470-1343. PMC   6921647 . PMID   31867507.
  7. ↑ Mallow, D., Ludwig, D., Nilson, G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN   0-89464-877-2.
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