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Liquids are a class of consonants that consists of rhotics and voiced lateral approximants,sometimes described as "r-like sounds" and "l-like sounds". The word liquid seems to be a calque of the Ancient Greek word ὑγρός,initially used by grammarian Dionysius Thrax to describe Greek sonorants.
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or,in the case of sign languages,the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians. The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines based on the research questions involved such as how humans plan and execute movements to produce speech,how various movements affect the properties of the resulting sound or how humans convert sound waves to linguistic information. Traditionally,the minimal linguistic unit of phonetics is the phone—a speech sound in a language which differs from the phonological unit of phoneme;the phoneme is an abstract categorization of phones and it is also defined as the smallest unit that discerns meaning between sounds in any given language.
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative,generally with the same place of articulation. It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes,and,often spelled ch and j,respectively.
Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics,which deals with acoustic aspects of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics investigates time domain features such as the mean squared amplitude of a waveform,its duration,its fundamental frequency,or frequency domain features such as the frequency spectrum,or even combined spectrotemporal features and the relationship of these properties to other branches of phonetics,and to abstract linguistic concepts such as phonemes,phrases,or utterances.
Auditory phonetics is the branch of phonetics concerned with the hearing of speech sounds and with speech perception. It thus entails the study of the relationships between speech stimuli and a listener's responses to such stimuli as mediated by mechanisms of the peripheral and central auditory systems,including certain areas of the brain. It is said to compose one of the three main branches of phonetics along with acoustic and articulatory phonetics,though with overlapping methods and questions.
Peter Nielsen Ladefoged was a British linguist and phonetician. He was Professor of Phonetics at University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA),where he taught from 1962 to 1991. His book A Course in Phonetics is a common introductory text in phonetics,and The Sounds of the World's Languages is widely regarded as a standard phonetics reference. Ladefoged also wrote several books on the phonetics of African languages. Prior to UCLA,he was a lecturer at the universities of Edinburgh,Scotland and Ibadan,Nigeria (1959–60).
In linguistics,a segment is "any discrete unit that can be identified,either physically or auditorily,in the stream of speech". The term is most used in phonetics and phonology to refer to the smallest elements in a language,and this usage can be synonymous with the term phone.
Michael Studdert-Kennedy was an American psychologist and speech scientist 1927–2017.https://haskinslabs. We org/news/michael-studdert-kennedy. He is well known for his contributions to studies of speech perception,the motor theory of speech perception,and the evolution of language,among other areas. He is a professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Connecticut and a professor emeritus of linguistics at Yale University. He is the former president (1986–1992) of Haskins Laboratories in New Haven,Connecticut. He was also a member of the Haskins Laboratories Board of Directors and was chairman of the board from 1988 until 2001. He was the son of the priest and Christian socialist Geoffrey Studdert-Kennedy.
Junko Itō is a Japanese-born American linguist. She is emerita research professor of linguistics at the University of California,Santa Cruz.
Ilse Lehiste was an Estonian-born American linguist,author of many studies in phonetics.
Bernd J. Kröger is a German phonetician and professor at RWTH Aachen University. He is known for his contributions in the field of neurocomputational speech processing,in particular the ACT model.
Janet Fletcher is an Australian linguist. She completed her BA at the University of Queensland in 1981 and then moved to the United Kingdom and received her PhD from the University of Reading in 1989.
John Henry Esling,is a Canadian linguist specializing in phonetics. He is a Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Victoria,where he taught from 1981 to 2014. Esling was president of the International Phonetic Association from 2011 to 2015 and a co-editor of the 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association.
John David Michael Henry Laver,was a British phonetician. He was emeritus professor of speech sciences at Queen Margaret University,and served as president of the International Phonetic Association from 1991 to 1995.
Monik Charette is a French-Canadian linguist and phonologist who taught at SOAS the University of London,in the United Kingdom. She specializes in phonology,morphophonology,stress systems,vowel harmony,syllabic structure and word-structure,focusing on Altaic languages,Turkish,and French.
Charles B. Chang is an associate professor in the linguistics department at Boston University,where he is also affiliated with the Center for the Study of Asia,the Center for Innovation in Social Science,and the Hearing Research Center. Chang is an Associate Editor of the journal Second Language Research and a Life Member of the Linguistic Society of America.
Marc Garellek (/gəˈrɛlɪk/) is a Canadian linguist and Professor of Linguistics at the University of California,San Diego. He is known for his works on phonetics and laboratory phonology.
Richard Wiese is a German linguist,with academic degrees from the universities of Bielefeld and Düsseldorf. Since 1996,he is a professor of German Linguistics at Philipps-Universität Marburg,Germany,now retired. He has also worked at the universities of Bielefeld,Kassel,TU Berlin,and Düsseldorf.
Elizabeth Cook Zsiga is a linguist whose work focuses on phonology and phonetics. She is a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University.
Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics is a textbook by Keith Allan Johnson designed for an introductory course in phonetics.
References
- ↑ "Keith Johnson: Academic Life".
- ↑ "Keith JOHNSON". scholar.google.com.
- ↑ Howard, David M. (December 2003). "KEITH JOHNSON, Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics. Maldon, MA Oxford: Blackwell, 2003. Pp. viii + 182. ISBN: 1-405-10123-7 (pbk), 1-405-10122-9 (hbk)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 239–240. doi:10.1017/S0025100303211518. S2CID 143635938.
- ↑ "BOOK REVIEW". Journal of English Studies.
- ↑ "Languages and Linguistics round-up". Times Higher Education (THE) . 3 November 2011.
