Related Research Articles
Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology and deism that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics based on reason and the discoveries of science, the project of arguing for the existence of God on the basis of observed so-called natural facts, and through natural phenomena viewed as divine, or complexities of nature seen as evidence of a divine plan or Will of God, which includes nature itself.
The problem of evil is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God. There are currently differing definitions of these concepts. The best known presentation of the problem is attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus. It was popularized by David Hume.
William Paley was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian. He is best known for his natural theology exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his work Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, which made use of the watchmaker analogy.
Coelacanths are an ancient group of lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) in the class Actinistia. As sarcopterygians, they are more closely related to lungfish and tetrapods than to ray-finned fish.
Theistic evolution is a view that God acts and creates through laws of nature. It posits that the concept of God is compatible with the findings of modern science, including evolution. Theistic evolution is not in itself a scientific theory, but includes a range of views about how science relates to religious beliefs and the extent to which God intervenes. It rejects the strict creationist doctrines of special creation, but can include beliefs such as creation of the human soul. Modern theistic evolution accepts the general scientific consensus on the age of the Earth, the age of the universe, the Big Bang, the origin of the Solar System, the origin of life, and evolution.
Othniel Charles Marsh was an American professor of paleontology at Yale College and president of the National Academy of Sciences. He was one of the preeminent scientists in the field of paleontology. Among his legacies are the discovery or description of dozens of new species and theories on the origins of birds.
Michael Ruse is a British-born Canadian philosopher of science who specializes in the philosophy of biology and works on the relationship between science and religion, the creation–evolution controversy, and the demarcation problem within science. Ruse currently teaches at Florida State University.
Robert Merrihew Adams is an American analytic philosopher, specializing in metaphysics, philosophy of religion, ethics, and the history of early modern philosophy.
Judith Jarvis Thomson was an American philosopher who studied and worked on ethics and metaphysics. Her work ranges across a variety of fields, but she is most known for her work regarding the thought experiment titled the trolley problem and her writings on abortion. She is credited with naming, developing, and initiating the extensive literature on the trolley problem first posed by Philippa Foot which has found a wide range use since. Thomson also published a paper titled "A Defense of Abortion", which makes the argument that the procedure is morally permissible even if it is assumed that a fetus is a person with a right to life. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.
Edward John Larson is an American historian and legal scholar. He is university professor of history and holds the Hugh & Hazel Darling Chair in Law at Pepperdine University. He was formerly Herman E. Talmadge Chair of Law and Richard B. Russell Professor of American History at the University of Georgia. He continues to serve as a senior fellow of the University of Georgia's Institute of Higher Education, and is currently a professor at Pepperdine School of Law, where he teaches several classes including Property for the 1Ls.
The zosterophylls are a group of extinct land plants that first appeared in the Silurian period. The taxon was first established by Banks in 1968 as the subdivision Zosterophyllophytina; they have since also been treated as the division Zosterophyllophyta or Zosterophyta and the class or plesion Zosterophyllopsida or Zosteropsida. They were among the first vascular plants in the fossil record, and had a world-wide distribution. They were probably stem-group lycophytes, forming a sister group to the ancestors of the living lycophytes. By the late Silurian a diverse assemblage of species existed, examples of which have been found fossilised in what is now Bathurst Island in Arctic Canada.
Peter J. Bowler is a historian of biology who has written extensively on the history of evolutionary thought, the history of the environmental sciences, and on the history of genetics. His 1984 book, Evolution: The History of an Idea is a standard textbook on the history of evolution; a 25th anniversary edition came in 2009. His 1983 book The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 describes the scientific predominance of other evolutionary theories which led many to minimise the significance of natural selection, in the first part of the twentieth century before genetics was reconciled with natural selection in the modern synthesis.
Nancey Murphy is an American philosopher and theologian who is Professor of Christian Philosophy at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA. She received the B.A. from Creighton University in 1973, the Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley in 1980, and the Th.D. from the Graduate Theological Union (theology) in 1987.
Aubrey Lackington Moore (1848–1890) was an English Anglo-Catholic priest and one of the first Christian Darwinians. He has been described as "the clergyman who more than any other man was responsible for breaking down the antagonisms towards Evolution then widely felt in the English Church".
The Bridgewater Treatises (1833–36) are a series of eight works that were written by leading scientific figures appointed by the President of the Royal Society in fulfilment of a bequest of £8000, made by Francis Henry Egerton, 8th Earl of Bridgewater, for a work on "the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation." Despite being voluminous and costly, the series was very widely read and discussed, becoming one of the most important contributions to the Victorian literature on the relationship between religion and science. They made such an impact that Charles Darwin began On the Origin of Species with a quotation from the Bridgewater Treatise of William Whewell.
Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity—in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Church Fathers as well as in medieval Islamic science. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, two opposed ideas influenced Western biological thinking: essentialism, the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable, a concept which had developed from medieval Aristotelian metaphysics, and that fit well with natural theology; and the development of the new anti-Aristotelian approach to modern science: as the Enlightenment progressed, evolutionary cosmology and the mechanical philosophy spread from the physical sciences to natural history. Naturalists began to focus on the variability of species; the emergence of palaeontology with the concept of extinction further undermined static views of nature. In the early 19th century prior to Darwinism, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution.
Sir Richard Owen was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist. Owen is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkable gift for interpreting fossils.
Isaac Hays was an American ophthalmologist, medical ethicist, and naturalist. A founding member of the American Medical Association, and the first president of the Philadelphia Ophthalmological Society, Hays published the first study of non-congential colorblindness and the first case of astigmatism in America. He was editor or co-editor of The American Journal of the Medical Sciences for over 50 years.
Bridget Cherry OBE, FSA, Hon. FRIBA is a British architectural historian who was series editor of the Pevsner Architectural Guides from 1971 until 2002, and is the author or co-author of several volumes in the series.
Evolutionary theodicies are responses to the question of animal suffering as an aspect of the problem of evil. These theodicies assert that a universe which contains the beauty and complexity this one does could only come about by the natural processes of evolution. If evolution is the only way this world could have been created, then the goodness of creation is intrinsically linked to the pain and evil of the evolutionary processes. As John Polkinghorne argues, the randomness that is a necessary aspect of developing new forms of life is the characteristic which also creates the unintended suffering of those same life forms. Natural suffering is defined as an unavoidable and unintentional side effect of developing life.
References
- ↑ Keith S. Thomson – Bio
- ↑ Keith Stewart Thomson, Executive Officer, American Philosophical Society
- ↑ "American Scientist Online".
- ↑ "DIRECTORSHIP OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY". Oxford University Gazette . 15 January 1998.
- ↑ "Getting Its Man: Science Academy at Last has a New President". Philadelphia Inquirer . January 21, 1987. pp. D01.
- ↑ Erwin, Douglas H. (1990). "Variations on a Theme". Paleobiology. 16 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1017/s0094837300009763. JSTOR 2400936.
- ↑ Hall, Brian K. (1989). "The Shape of Things to Come". Evolution. 43 (7): 1571–1573. doi:10.2307/2409473. JSTOR 2409473.
- ↑ Musick, J. A. (1993). "Review of Living Fossil. The Story of the Coelacanth". Copeia. 1993 (3): 897–899. doi:10.2307/1447265. JSTOR 1447265.
- ↑ van Berkum, Fredrica H. (1995). "Review of The Common But Less Frequent Loon and Other Essays by Keith Stewart Thomson". The Quarterly Review of Biology. University of Chicago Press. 70 (1): 63–64. doi:10.1086/418873. ISSN 0033-5770.
- ↑ Thomson, Keith (May–June 2014). "H.M.S. Beagle, 1820–1870; (reprint of 1975 article)". American Scientist.
- ↑ Demoncheaux, Eric (Autumn 2007). "Review of Fossils: A Very Short Introduction by Keith Thomson and Dinosaurs: A Very Short Introduction by David Norman". Science in School (6).
- ↑ Roberts, Jon H. (2006). "Review of Before Darwin: Reconciling God and Nature". Journal of the Early Republic. 26 (4): 704–707. doi:10.1353/jer.2006.0076. JSTOR 30043469. S2CID 144143000.
- ↑ Marshall, Wallace W. (2006). "Review of Before Darwin: Reconciling God and Nature". Journal of the History of Biology. 39 (2): 407–410. doi:10.1007/s10739-006-0009-1. JSTOR 4332019. S2CID 189843333.
- ↑ Califano, Joseph J. (2007). "Review of Before Darwin: Reconciling God and Nature". The Review of Metaphysics. 60 (4): 887–889. JSTOR 20130879.
- ↑ Anderson, Lyall I. (2009). "Review: Legacy of the Mastodon by K. Thomson". Geol. Mag. 146 (6): 941–942. doi:10.1017/s0016756809006049.
- ↑ Laporte, Léo F. (January–April 2010). "Review: The Young Charles Darwin by Keith Thomson". Reports of the National Center for Science Education (1–2): 27–28.
- ↑ Witkin, Joan (2013). "Review of Jefferson's Shadow: The Story of His Science". Journal of the Early Republic. 33 (3): 563–565. doi:10.1353/jer.2013.0046. JSTOR 24487057. S2CID 145214471.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
  | This biography of an American academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |