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Behavioral neuroscience,also known as biological psychology,biopsychology,or psychobiology,is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological,genetic,and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.
Aging of the brain is a process of transformation of the brain in older age,including changes all individuals experience and those of illness. Usually this refers to humans.
Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing,conceptual resources,perceptual skill,language learning,and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology. Qualitative differences between how a child processes their waking experience and how an adult processes their waking experience are acknowledged. Cognitive development is defined as the emergence of the ability to consciously cognize,understand,and articulate their understanding in adult terms. Cognitive development is how a person perceives,thinks,and gains understanding of their world through the relations of genetic and learning factors. There are four stages to cognitive information development. They are,reasoning,intelligence,language,and memory. These stages start when the baby is about 18 months old,they play with toys,listen to their parents speak,they watch TV,anything that catches their attention helps build their cognitive development.
Cognitive disorders (CDs),also known as neurocognitive disorders (NCDs),are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning,memory,perception,and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium,mild neurocognitive disorders,and major neurocognitive disorder. They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired,typically represent decline,and may have an underlying brain pathology. The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function:executive function,learning and memory,perceptual-motor function,language,complex attention,and social cognition.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field devoted to understanding psychological processes and their neurological bases in the developing organism. It examines how the mind changes as children grow up,interrelations between that and how the brain is changing,and environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain.
Child development involves the biological,psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence.
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's access to economic resources and social position in relation to others. When analyzing a family's SES,the household income and the education and occupations of its members are examined,whereas for an individual's SES only their own attributes are assessed. Recently,research has revealed a lesser-recognized attribute of SES as perceived financial stress,as it defines the "balance between income and necessary expenses". Perceived financial stress can be tested by deciphering whether a person at the end of each month has more than enough,just enough,or not enough money or resources. However,SES is more commonly used to depict an economic difference in society as a whole.
Annette Karmiloff-Smith CBE FBA FMedSci (1938–2016) was a professorial research fellow at the Developmental Neurocognition Lab at Birkbeck,University of London. Before moving to Birbeck,she was Head of the Neurocognitive Development Unit at Institute of Child Health,University College,London. She was an expert in developmental disorders,with a particular interest in Williams syndrome.
Social deprivation is the reduction or prevention of culturally normal interaction between an individual and the rest of society. This social deprivation is included in a broad network of correlated factors that contribute to social exclusion;these factors include mental illness,poverty,poor education,and low socioeconomic status,norms and values.
Attentional control,colloquially referred to as concentration,refers to an individual's capacity to choose what they pay attention to and what they ignore. It is also known as endogenous attention or executive attention. In lay terms,attentional control can be described as an individual's ability to concentrate. Primarily mediated by the frontal areas of the brain including the anterior cingulate cortex,attentional control and attentional shifting are thought to be closely related to other executive functions such as working memory.
April A. Benasich is an American neuroscientist. She is the Elizabeth H. Solomon Professor of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,director of the Infancy Studies Laboratory at the Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience,and director of the Carter Center for Neurocognitive Research and Professor of Neuroscience at Rutgers University. She is also a principal investigator within the National Science Foundation-funded Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center headquartered at the University of California,San Diego’s Institute for Neural Computation.
Memory is one of the brain's most critical functions. It has the infinite ability to store information about events and experiences that occur constantly. Experiences shape the way memories form,so major stressors on socioeconomic status can impact memory development. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measurement of social standing based on income,education,and other factors. Socioeconomic status can differ cross-culturally,but is also commonly seen within cultures themselves. It influences all spectrums of a child's life,including cognitive development,which is in a crucial and malleable state during early stages of childhood. In Canada,most children grow up in agreeable circumstances,however an unfortunate 8.1% are raised in households that fall into the category of low socioeconomic status. These children are at risk for many disadvantages in life,including deficits in memory processing,as well as problems in language development.
Arline Geronimus wrote about the weathering hypothesis the early 1990s to account for health disparities of newborn babies and birth mothers due to decades and generations of racism and social,economic,and political oppression. It is well documented that people of color and other marginalized communities have worse health outcomes than white people. This is due to multiple stressors including prejudice,social alienation,institutional bias,political oppression,economic exclusion,and racial discrimination. The weathering hypothesis proposes that the cumulative burden of these stressors as individuals age is "weathering",and the increased weathering experienced by minority groups compared to others can account for differences in health outcomes. In recent years,social scientists investigated the biological plausibility of the weathering hypothesis in studies evaluating the physiological effects of social,environmental and political stressors among marginalized communities. The weathering hypothesis is more widely accepted as a framework for explaining health disparities on the basis of differential exposure to racially based stressors. Researchers have also identified patterns connecting weathering to biological phenomena associated with stress and aging,such as allostatic load,epigenetics,telomere shortening,and accelerated brain aging.
Catherine Hartley is an American psychologist and an Associate Professor of Psychology within the Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science at New York University in New York City. Hartley's research explores how brain development impacts the evaluation of negative experiences,decision-making,and motivated behavior. Her work has helped to elucidate how uncontrollable aversive events affect fear learning and how learning to control aversive stimuli can improve emotional resilience.
The ABCD Study is an ongoing longitudinal research study being undertaken by a consortium of 21 data collection sites across the United States. It is the largest long-term study of brain development and child health in the US. The study collects data on the behavior and brain development of over 11,500 children beginning at age 9-10 and continuing through young adulthood. The study collected data from youth in seven primary domains:physical health,mental health,brain imaging,biospecimens,neurocognition,substance use,and culture and environment. Data are also collected from participating youths' parents,including physical health,mental health,substance use,and culture and environment.
Betty Jo "BJ" Casey is an American cognitive neuroscientist and expert on adolescent brain development and self control. She is the Christina L. Williams Professor of Neuroscience at Barnard College of Columbia University where she directs the Fundamentals of the Adolescent Brain (FAB) Lab and is an Affiliated Professor of the Justice Collaboratory at Yale Law School,Yale University.
Tracy Dennis-Tiwary is an American clinical psychologist,author,health technology entrepreneur,and professor of psychology and neuroscience at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of The City University of New York. Her research explores emotion regulation and its role in mental health and illness,with a particular focus on anxiety and anxiety-related attention biases,as well as child emotional development.
Nim Tottenham is a professor of psychology at Columbia University,where she leads the Developmental Affective Neuroscience Laboratory. Her research highlighted fundamental changes in amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry across childhood and adolescence and the influential role of early experiences on the developmental trajectories of these circuits.
Lisa A. Gennetian is an American applied economist focused on behavioral economics,child development,specifically child poverty,parent engagement and decision making,and policy and social investment considerations. She is the Pritzker Professor of Early Learning Policy Studies at Duke University's Sanford School of Public Policy. Gennetian is associated with the Duke University Center for Child and Family Policy,Duke University's Population Research Institute (DuPRI),the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab and the National Bureau of Economic Research,Children's Program. She has served on the editorial board of the Child Development journal.
References
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- ↑ Katsnelson, Alla (2021-04-07). "A Novel Effort to See How Poverty Affects Young Brains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ↑ "Does growing up poor harm brain development?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613 . Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ↑ "New Findings From War on Poverty: Just Give Cash". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ↑ Cohen, Joyce (2008-01-27). "With No Time to Spare". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ↑ "Graduates | Neuroscience Graduate Group | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania". www.med.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ↑ Noble, Kimberly G.; McCandliss, Bruce D.; Farah, Martha J. (2007). "Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities". Developmental Science. 10 (4): 464–480. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x. ISSN 1363-755X. PMID 17552936. S2CID 1803094.
- 1 2 Noble, Kimberly G.; Norman, M. Frank; Farah, Martha J. (2005). "Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children". Developmental Science. 8 (1): 74–87. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00394.x. ISSN 1363-755X. PMID 15647068.
- ↑ "Funding | NEED Lab | Columbia University". NEED Lab. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
- ↑ "Kimberly Noble | NEED Lab | United States". NEED Lab. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ↑ Rojas, Natalia M.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Gennetian, Lisa; Rangel, Mayra Lemus; Melvin, Samantha; Noble, Kimberly; Duncan, Greg; Magunson, Katherine (2020-01-02). "Exploring the experiences and dynamics of an unconditional cash transfer for low-income mothers: A mixed-methods study". Journal of Children and Poverty. 26 (1): 64–84. doi:10.1080/10796126.2019.1704161. ISSN 1079-6126. S2CID 212927984.
- ↑ Troller‐Renfree, Sonya V.; Morales, Santiago; Leach, Stephanie C.; Bowers, Maureen E.; Debnath, Ranjan; Fifer, William P.; Fox, Nathan A.; Noble, Kimberly G. (2021). "Feasibility of assessing brain activity using mobile, in‐home collection of electroencephalography: methods and analysis". Developmental Psychobiology. 63 (6): e22128. doi:10.1002/dev.22128. ISSN 0012-1630. PMC 8478406 . PMID 34087950.
- ↑ Noble, Kimberly G.; Magnuson, Katherine; Gennetian, Lisa A.; Duncan, Greg J.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Fox, Nathan A.; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah (2021). "Baby's First Years: Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Poverty Reduction in the United States". Pediatrics. 148 (4): e2020049702. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-049702. ISSN 1098-4275. PMC 8487960 . PMID 34475270.
- 1 2 Troller-Renfree, Sonya V.; Costanzo, Molly A.; Duncan, Greg J.; Magnuson, Katherine; Gennetian, Lisa A.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Fox, Nathan A.; Noble, Kimberly G. (2022). "The impact of a poverty reduction intervention on infant brain activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (5): e2115649119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11915649T. doi:10.1073/pnas.2115649119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8812534 . PMID 35074878.
- 1 2 Troller-Renfree, Sonya V.; Hart, Emma R.; Sperber, Jessica F.; Fox, Nathan A.; Noble, Kimberly G. (2022-03-08). "Associations among stress and language and socioemotional development in a low-income sample". Development and Psychopathology. 34 (2): 597–605. doi:10.1017/S0954579421001759. ISSN 1469-2198. PMC 9452599 . PMID 35256040.
- 1 2 Yoo, Paul Y.; Duncan, Greg J.; Magnuson, Katherine; Fox, Nathan A.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Noble, Kimberly G. (2022-05-05). "Unconditional cash transfers and maternal substance use: findings from a randomized control trial of low-income mothers with infants in the U.S." BMC Public Health. 22 (1): 897. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12989-1 . ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 9070980 . PMID 35513842.
- ↑ "Research | NEED Lab | Columbia University". NEED Lab. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ↑ Noble, Kimberly G.; Houston, Suzanne M.; Brito, Natalie H.; Bartsch, Hauke; Kan, Eric; Kuperman, Joshua M.; Akshoomoff, Natacha; Amaral, David G.; Bloss, Cinnamon S.; Libiger, Ondrej; Schork, Nicholas J.; Murray, Sarah S.; Casey, B. J.; Chang, Linda; Ernst, Thomas M. (2015). "Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents". Nature Neuroscience. 18 (5): 773–778. doi:10.1038/nn.3983. ISSN 1546-1726. PMC 4414816 . PMID 25821911.
- ↑ "Award for Distinguished Senior Career Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest: Kimberly G. Noble". American Psychologist. 76 (9): 1483–1485. 2021. doi:10.1037/amp0000954. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 35266750. S2CID 247361482.
- ↑ "2017 APS Janet Taylor Spence Awards for Transformative Early Career Contributions". APS Observer. 30. 2017-05-08.
- ↑ "2020 ISDP Award Winners". International Society for Developmental Psychobiology (ISDP). Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ↑ "#ThankAScientist Week". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
- ↑ "Kimberly Noble". Association for Psychological Science – APS. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
