King's Gambit, Fischer Defense

Fischer Defense

a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h
Moves	1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6
ECO	C34
Origin	1961, Bobby Fischer
Named after	Bobby Fischer
Parent	King's Gambit

The Fischer Defense to the King's Gambit is a chess opening variation that begins with the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. f4 exf4

3. Nf3 d6

Although 3...d6 was previously known, ^[1] it did not become a major variation until Fischer advocated it in a famous 1961 article in the first issue of the American Chess Quarterly . ^{[2] [3]}

In the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings , the Fischer Defense is given the code C34.

History

After Bobby Fischer lost a 1960 game ^[4] at Mar del Plata to Boris Spassky, in which Spassky played the Kieseritzky Gambit, Fischer left in tears ^[5] and promptly went to work at devising a new defense to the King's Gambit. In Fischer's 1961 article, "A Bust to the King's Gambit", he claimed, "In my opinion the King's Gambit is busted. It loses by force." ^[6] Fischer concluded the article with the famous line, "Of course White can always play differently, in which case he merely loses differently. (Thank you, Weaver Adams!)" ^[7] The article became famous. ^{[8] [9]} Fischer never tested this published analysis as Black in a tournament game; he never again faced the gambit after his 1960 loss to Spassky.

Fischer himself later played the King's Gambit with some success, ^[10] winning all three tournament games in which he played it. However, he played the Bishop's Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Bc4) rather than the King's Knight Gambit (3.Nf3), the only line that he analyzed in his article. ^{[11] [12] [13]}

Ideas behind the opening

Fischer called 3...d6 "a high-class waiting move". ^[14] It allows Black to hold the gambit pawn with ...g5 (unless White plays the immediate 4.h4) while avoiding the Kieseritzky Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5). Fischer asserted that 3...g5 "is inexact because it gives White drawing chances" after 4.h4 g4 5.Ne5 Nf6 6.d4 d6 7.Nd3 Nxe4 8.Bxf4 Bg7 9.c3! (improving on Spassky's 9.Nc3) Qe7 10.Qe2 Bf5 11.Nd2, which, according to Fischer, "leads to an ending where Black's extra pawn is neutralized by White's stranglehold on the dark squares, especially [f4]". ^[14]

After 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 d6 the most common response is 4.d4. ^[15] If White now tries to force transpositions to Becker Defense (3...h6) or Classical Defense (3...g5) positions, then White can end up in difficulties. Fischer analyzed 4.d4 g5 5.h4 g4 6.Ng5 f6 7.Nh3 gxh3 8.Qh5+ Kd7 9.Bxf4 Qe8! 10.Qf3 Kd8 "and with King and Queen reversed, Black wins easily". ^[14] Fischer claimed that White has no compensation after the alternative 6.Ng1 Bh6, however in practice White has achieved good results in this line after 7.Nc3 c6 8.Nge2 Qf6 9.g3, ^[16] and Nigel Short used it to defeat Vladimir Akopian in Madrid 1997. ^[17]

Another popular move is 4.Bc4. Fischer recommended 4...h6 in response, which he dubbed the "Berlin Defence Deferred". ^[14] Black's third and fourth moves stop the white knight on f3 from moving to the two dangerous squares e5 and g5. This variation received a high-class examination in a game between two world champions: Boris Spassky vs. Anatoly Karpov, at Berlin TV 1982, played at a one-hour-game format in an event for West German television. GM Spassky won on time in an ending of Q + N vs Q; White had a satisfactory position from the opening.

A quite recent idea is 4.d4 g5 5.Nc3. White intends to leave the bishop on f1 for a while, play an improved version of the Hanstein Gambit (3...g5 4.Bc4 Bg7 and later g2–g3), and, after forcing Black's f4-pawn to move, develop the queenside with Be3, Qd2, and 0-0-0. ^[18]

See also

• List of chess openings
• List of chess openings named after people

References

1. For example, George H. D. Gossip and S. Lipschütz noted that 3...d6 was "a move advised by Stamma, and which Mr. Löwenthal thinks may be safely adopted", and that "the game is even" after 4.Bc4 or 4.d4. G. H. D. Gossip and S. Lipschütz, The Chess-Player's Manual (3rd ed. 1902), David McKay, p. 491. OCLC 3727518.
2. Bobby Fischer, "A Bust to the King's Gambit", American Chess Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1961), pp. 3–9.
3. Fischer, Bobby (1961). "A Bust to the King's Gambit" (PDF). brooklyn64.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
4. Boris Spassky vs Robert James Fischer (1960)
5. Carl Schreck; Moscow Patzer: A Bread Run With the Great Bronstein {http://carlschreck.com/displayArticle.php?article_id=91 Archived 2019-04-17 at the Wayback Machine , which cites: http://rsport.netorn.ru/ech/khariton/bron2.htm Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
6. Fischer, p. 4.
7. Fischer, p. 9. Fischer was alluding to a statement by Adams, author of the controversial book White to Play and Win, who famously claimed that White won by force with best play, and that if Black played differently from the lines given by Adams, he "merely loses differently".
8. Nick de Firmian refers to "A Bust to the King's Gambit" as "Bobby Fischer's famous article". Nick de Firmian, Modern Chess Openings (15th edition), McKay Chess Library, 2008, p. 3. ISBN   978-0-8129-3682-7.
9. Andrew Soltis calls it "a celebrated article". Andrew Soltis, in Karsten Müller, Bobby Fischer: The Career and Complete Games of the American World Chess Champion, Russell Enterprises, Inc., 2009, p. 29. ISBN   978-1-888690-68-2.
10. "Search for games from Robert James Fischer in King's Gambit Declined".
11. Fischer–Evans, 1963–64 U.S. Championship. ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
12. Fischer–Minic, Vinkovci 1968. ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
13. Fischer–Wade, Vinkovci 1968. ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
14. Fischer, p. 5.
15. "Chess Opening Explorer".
16. Chessgames Opening Exploer
17. https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1079886 Short-Akopian, Madrid 1997
18. "ChessPub Forum - KG - Fischer Defence".