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Mawdud launched an expedition against the Seljuks in 1042 to recapture the lands conquered by the Seljuks during the reign of his father Masud and to restore the Ghaznavid state to its former power. He briefly occupied Balkh and Herat, and in 1043/4 Mawdud invaded Sistan but was repelled by the Seljuk prince Alp Arslan. Alp Arslan and Chaghri Bey then counter-attacked and conquered the cities of Termez, Kubadiyan, Vahsh, Kunduz (Valvalic) and all of Tohoristan. Chaghri Bey gave the administration of Tohoristan to his son Alp Arslan.
Alp Arslan set out on the First Caucasian Expedition in February 1064., The reason for this was that the Seljuk Empire, which was looking for a homeland for the Turkmens, saw Anatolia as suitable for this purpose, but in order to conquer Anatolia, the Byzantine military forces in the region had to be destroyed first. Alp Arslan, his son Melikşah and his grand vizier Nizamülmülk set out from the capital Rey towards Azerbaijan at the head of the army, and the Turkmen bey Tuğtegin and his soldiers joined the expedition on the way. While the forces under Melikşah captured the fortified places north of the Aras River, the army under Alp Arslan, which entered Georgia, captured the castles and cities on its way until it reached Trialet, Kvelis-Kür, Şavşat, the Taik region and Akhilkelek north of Lake Çıldır after the Georgian king Bagrat fled. Finally, the forces of Alp Arslan and Melikşah united in front of Akhilkelek and Akhilkelek fell to the Seljuks in June 1064. In the meantime, the prince of Lori, Georgi, who saw that Akhilkelek had also fallen, submitted to the Seljuk Empire and agreed to pay tribute. Alp Arslan crossed to Eastern Anatolia and besieged Ani, the most fortified city in the region held by the Byzantines. The siege lasted about a month and the Seljuks conquered Ani on 16 August 1064. The conquest of Ani, the most fortified border city of the Byzantine Empire and thought to be impossible to conquer, by the Muslims caused great astonishment in the East and West. Later, the Caliph Kāim-Biemrillāh gave Sultan Alp Arslan the title of "Ebü'l-feth". Seeing that Ani had fallen, the prince of Kars, Gagik, swore allegiance to Sultan Alp Arslan and Kars fell into the hands of the Seljuks.
In February 1064, during the western campaign The forces of Melikşah and Alp Arslan entered Georgia and conquered many Georgian cities and fortresses. Later, the forces of Alp Arslan and Melikşah united with their forces in front of Akhilkelek and besieged this city,Alp Arslan conquered this fortified city in June 1064. Meanwhile, after the fall of Akhilkelek, the prince of Lori, Georgi, agreed to be a vassal and pay taxes to Alp Arslan and the Seljuk Empire, thus Lori also fell into the hands of the Seljuk Empire.
Alp Arslan marched on the Caucasus for the second time in early 1068.This time, his aim was to annex all of Azerbaijan to the Seljuks without causing any more unrest. Because after the first Caucasian campaign, which was left unfinished due to Kavurd's previous rebellion, almost all the princes had rebelled. Alp Arslan, accompanied by Nizam al-Mulk and his famous commander Savtegin, took control of the small principalities ruling various regions of Azerbaijan, including Tbilisi, Kartli, Shirak, Vanand, Nig, Gugark, Arran and Ganja, as well as the Shaddadi emirs. However, the definitive Seljuk domination of these princes, who declared their loyalty to Alp Arslan and even accepted Islam of their own free will, was only possible with the operation of Savtegin, who was sent back to the region the following year. While the Caucasus campaign was continuing, when the Karakhanid ruler Ibrahim Khan died and the throne fights that started between his sons became detrimental to the Seljuk interests, Alp Arslan was forced to return to his country. However, when Shams al-Mulk Nasr, whom Ibrahim Khan had personally enthroned before his death, took control of the situation, he gave up on intervening.
In 1070, Alp Arslan had the sermon read in the name of Caliph Qaim-Biemrillâh again in the Haremeyn-i Şerifeyn and for this reason he received the title of "Burhânü Emiri'l-mü'minîn". After this incident, Hamdanid ruler Nasırüddevle, who wanted Syria to pass to the Seljuk State, asked Alp Arslan for help against the Fatimids. Seizing this opportunity, Alp Arslan moved with a large army and captured the castles of Malazgirt and Erciş at the beginning of the strategic road extending from Azerbaijan to the southwest and descended to the Meyyâfârikîn (Silvan) and Amid (Diyarbakır) regions. After receiving the regional emirs who declared their loyalty, he came to Urfa and after taking a tribute of 50,000 dinars from Urfa, which resisted his siege for two months, and conquering some Byzantine castles, he headed towards Aleppo, which was in the hands of the Mirdasids. When the emir of Aleppo refused to appear before him and locked himself in the castle, the city was besieged. However, after a while, the emir came before Alp Arslan with his mother, dressed in Oghuz clothing, which caused him to be pardoned and left in his place. In the meantime, while Alp Arslan was planning to march on Damascus, a Byzantine ambassador came and informed him that the emperor wanted to leave Manbij, which he had conquered two years earlier, to the Seljuks in exchange for Manzikert and Ahlat. Alp Arslan, who gave a negative answer to the ambassador, did not change his plan, relying on the report he received from Emir Afşin, who had returned to Ahlat from Western Anatolia, stating that there was no serious Byzantine threat in Anatolia. However, on the same day, when news came that Diogenes was moving to Anatolia with a large army, it was understood that the Byzantine ambassador was sent as a delaying tactic to create the feeling that the emperor did not want war. Alp Arslan divided his army into two and sent one part to Egypt, and went to Anatolia with the remaining army.
Sultan Alp Arslan, who had been on a campaign for more than a year, returned to Isfahan after the Battle of Manzikert. Here he accepted the congratulations of the subjects' emirs, administrators and ambassadors for his victory. However, after a while he had to go on a campaign to Turkestan. As it is known, the issue of the dominance of Chaganiyan and Khwarezm in Transoxiana was inherited by the Seljuks as an issue between the Ghaznavids and the Karakhanids. The border conflicts with the Karakhanids, which had not ended during Alp Arslan's reign as the prince of Tokharistan, were now continuing between his son-in-law Shamsulmulk Nasr Khan and his sons Ayaz and Ilyas. Taking advantage of Nasr Khan's preoccupation in the east, the prince of Tokharistan, Ayaz, attacked his lands. The Khan, who returned and defeated Ayaz, inflicted heavy losses on the Seljuk prince. He also beat Alp Arslan's daughter, accusing her of spying for his brother, and caused her death.Following these developments, Alp Arslan set out on an expedition with an army of 200,000 to punish the Karakhanid ruler. It took the Seljuk army a month to cross the Ceyhun River. The Sultan's advance was stopped by the resistance of the Barzam Castle on the Transoxiana border. The castle commander Yusuf al-Khwarizmi, who was said to have an esoteric belief, surrendered when he realized that he could not resist any longer and the Barzam Castle fell into the hands of the Seljuk Empire. However, according to the story, before Yusuf al-Khwarizmi surrendered, he killed his wife and children with his own hands so that his secrets would not be revealed and made an assassination plan. When he was brought before the Sultan, he took out a dagger he had hidden in his boot and jumped on him. Alp Arslan and one of his commanders, Gevheråyin, were seriously wounded. Yusuf was killed by the Sultan's men right there. However, Sultan Alp Arslan also died four days later on November 25, 1072, from the effects of his injuries. His death was kept secret for a while to avoid confusion. His body was later brought to Merve and buried next to his father Çağrı Bey. Sultan Alp Arslan's unfinished expedition was later continued by his son Melikşah I and made the Karakhanids a vassal of the Seljuk Empire. According to legend, when Sultan Alp Arslan went on an expedition against the Karakhanids, the Karakhanids were praying in mosques for the Sultan to return from the expedition and for the expedition to fail.
The Battle of Rey took place in 3 August 1059; İbrahim Yınal rebelled for the second time and besieged Tughrul in Hemedan. Thereupon, the sons of Çağrı Bey, Alp Arslan, Kavurt and Yakuti, came to rescue Sultan Tughrul and the Battle of Rey took place between the two sides. İbrahim Yınal and his nephews, who lost the battle, were taken prisoner.
References
- ↑ Turan 2010.
- ↑ Ebn al-Aṯīr (X, s. 49).
- ↑ Bosworth (s. 65-66).
- ↑ Turan ( Selçuklular Tarihi , s. 113ff.).
- ↑ Kafesoğlu 1972.
- ↑ Piyadeoğlu 2020.
- ↑ Turan, Osman (2019). Selçuklular târihi ve Türk-İslâm medeniyeti. Yayın Kültür serisi (22. basim ed.). İstanbul: Ötüken. ISBN 978-975-437-470-4.
- ↑ Sevim 1998.