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Van is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province,on the eastern shore of Lake Van. It is the capital and largest city of Van Province.
Cilicia is a geographical region in southern Anatolia,extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million,concentrated mostly at the Cilicia plain. The region includes the provinces of Mersin,Adana,Osmaniye and Hatay.
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP),it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the forced Islamization of others,primarily women and children.
Adana is a large city in southern Turkey. It is situated on the Seyhan River,35 km (22 mi) inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The administrative seat of Adana province,which had a population of 2.274 million according to the official end-2022 estimates,the city itself had a population of 1,779,463 at that date,making it the fifth most populous city in Turkey.
The Turkish War of Independence was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the Turkish National Movement,after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against Allied and separatist forces over the application of Wilsonian principles,especially national self-determination,in post-World War I Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. The revolution concluded the collapse of the Ottoman Empire;the Ottoman monarchy and the Islamic caliphate were abolished,and the Republic of Turkey was declared in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. This resulted in a transfer of vested sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the nation,setting the stage for Republican Turkey's period of nationalist revolutionary reform.
Kars is a city in northeast Turkey. It is the seat of Kars Province and Kars District. As of 2022,its population was 91,450. Kars,in classical historiography (Strabo),was in the ancient region known as Chorzene,part of the province of Ayrarat in the Kingdom of Armenia,and later the capital of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia from 929 to 961. Currently,the mayor of Kars is Türker Öksüz. The city had an Armenian ethnic majority until it was re-captured by Turkish nationalist forces in late 1920.
The Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. A massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana amidst the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 expanded to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the province. Around 20,000 to 25,000 people were killed in Adana and surrounding towns,mostly Armenians;it was reported that about 1,300 Assyrians were also killed during the massacres. Unlike the earlier Hamidian massacres,the events were not organized by the central government but instead instigated by local officials,intellectuals,and Islamic clerics,including Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) supporters in Adana. Professor of History Ronald Grigor Suny from the University of Michigan describes Adana as "more like an urban riot that degenerated into a pogrom rather than a state-initiated mass killing".
Bitlis is a city in southeastern Turkey. It is the seat of Bitlis District and Bitlis Province. Its population is 53,023 (2021). The city is located at an elevation of 1,545 metres,15 km from Lake Van,in the steep-sided valley of the Bitlis River,a tributary of the Tigris. The local economy is mainly based on agricultural products which include fruits,grain and tobacco. Industry is fairly limited,and deals mainly with leatherworking,manufacture of tobacco products as well as weaving and dyeing of coarse cloth. Bitlis is connected to other urban centres by road,including Tatvan on Lake Van,25 km to the northeast,and the cities of Muş(Mush),100 km northwest,and Diyarbakır,200 km to the west. The climate of Bitlis can be harsh,with long winters and heavy snowfalls. Summers are hot,and often humid. Since the local elections of March 2019,the Mayor of Bitlis is Nesrullah Tanğlay.
The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) was a period of history of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Young Turk Revolution and ultimately ending with the empire's dissolution and the founding of the modern state of Turkey.
The Second Constitutional Era was the period of restored parliamentary rule in the Ottoman Empire between the 1908 Young Turk Revolution and the 1920 dissolution of the General Assembly,during the empire's twilight years.
The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Ottoman constitution of 1876,written by members of the Young Ottomans,that began on 23 December 1876 and lasted until 14 February 1878. These Young Ottomans were dissatisfied by the Tanzimat and instead pushed for a constitutional government similar to that in Europe. The constitutional period started with the dethroning of Sultan Abdulaziz. Abdul Hamid II took his place as Sultan. The era ended with the suspension of the Ottoman Parliament and the constitution by Sultan Abdul Hamid II,with which he restored his own absolute monarchy.
Armenians in Turkey,one of the indigenous peoples of Turkey,have an estimated population of 50,000 to 70,000,down from a population of over 2 million Armenians between the years 1914 and 1921. Today,the overwhelming majority of Turkish Armenians are concentrated in Istanbul. They support their own newspapers,churches and schools,and the majority belong to the Armenian Apostolic faith and a minority of Armenians in Turkey belong to the Armenian Catholic Church or to the Armenian Evangelical Church. They are not considered part of the Armenian Diaspora,since they have been living in their historical homeland for more than four thousand years.
The Temporary Law of Deportation,also known as the Tehcir Law,or officially by the Republic of Turkey,the "Sevk ve İskân Kanunu" was a law passed by the Ottoman Council of Ministers on May 27,of 1915 authorizing the deportation of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population. The resettlement campaign resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,500,000 civilians,in what is commonly referred to as the Armenian genocide. The bill was officially enacted on June 1,1915,and expired on February 8,1916.
BerçTürker (1870–1949) was an Ottoman-Turkish bank executive and politician of ethnic Armenian origin.
Büyük Saat is a historical clock tower in Adana,rising 32 m (105 ft) high. The tower symbolizes the modernization of the city,which lasted from 1863 to the Adana massacre. During this period many Ottoman and European businesses,moved to the city for the exploding cotton trade. The tower was constructed by the mayor Kirkor Bezdikyan on the main street who was credit for starting the first modern municipal governance. Bezdikyan was also the architect of the tower together with another Armenian architect Kasbar Agha Bezdikyan.
The demographics of the Ottoman Empire include population density,ethnicity,education level,religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
The Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire was the lower house of the General Assembly,the Ottoman Parliament. Unlike the upper house,the Senate,the members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by the general Ottoman populace,although suffrage was limited to males of a certain financial standing,among other restrictions that varied over the Chamber's lifetime.
The confiscation of Armenian properties by the Ottoman and Turkish governments involved seizure of the assets,properties and land of the country's Armenian community. Starting with the Hamidian massacres and peaking during the Armenian genocide,the confiscation of the Armenian property lasted continuously until 1974. Much of the confiscations during the Armenian genocide were made after the Armenians were deported into the Syrian Desert with the government declaring their goods and assets left behind as "abandoned". Virtually all properties owned by Armenians living in their ancestral homeland in Western Armenia were confiscated and later distributed among the local Muslim population.
Anti-Armenian sentiment or Armenophobia in Turkey has a long history dating back to the Ottoman Empire,something that eventually culminated in the Armenian genocide. Today,anti-Armenian sentiment is widespread in Turkish society. In a 2011 survey in Turkey,73.9% of respondents admitted having unfavorable views toward Armenians. According to Minority Rights Group,while the government recognizes Armenians as a minority group,as used in Turkey this term denotes second-class status. The word "Armenian" is widely used as an insult in Turkey by both civilians and by politicians.
Cilicia is the Latin and English language name of a region of southern Anatolia and the northern Levant from the 2nd millennium BC. The region was part of many different cultural and political spheres in succession,including the Hittites,Ancient Greece,Roman Empire,Abbasid Caliphate,the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia,and the Turkish Ramadanid Emirate.
References
- ↑ Nurettin Çelmeoğlu. "Ermenilerden üç başkanımız". Yeni Adana Gazetesi. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
- ↑ "Adana Büyükşehir Belediyesi Tarihçesi" (in Turkish). Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ↑ Üngör, Uğur (2011). Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1441110206.
- ↑ "Ermeni Kültür Varlıklarıyla Adana" (PDF). HDV Yayınları. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
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