Sun Quan,courtesy name Zhongmou (仲謀),posthumously known as Emperor Da of Wu,was the founder of the Eastern Wu dynasty,one of the Three Kingdoms of China. He inherited control of the warlord regime established by his elder brother,Sun Ce,in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from November 222 to May 229 as the King of Wu and from May 229 to May 252 as the Emperor of Wu. Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei,Sun Quan was much younger than they were and governed his state mostly separate of politics and ideology. He is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he adopted a flexible foreign policy between his two rivals with the goal of pursuing the greatest interests for the country.
Zhuge Liang,also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming,was a Chinese statesman,strategist,and engineer who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period,he served as the Imperial Chancellor of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.
Han (漢;221–263),known in historiography as Shu Han (蜀漢) or Ji Han (季漢"Junior Han"),or often shortened to Shu (Chinese:蜀;pinyin:Shǔ;Sichuanese Pinyin:Su2 <Middle Chinese:*źjowk <Eastern Han Chinese:*dźok),was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period. The state was based in the area around present-day Hanzhong,Sichuan,Chongqing,Yunnan,Guizhou,and north Guangxi,an area historically referred to as "Shu" based on the name of the past ancient kingdom of Shu,which also occupied this approximate geographical area. Its core territory also coincided with Liu Bang's Kingdom of Han,the precursor of the Han dynasty.
Ma Su (190–228),courtesy name Youchang,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. Ma Su had conspicuous talent in military theories and was admired by the Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang. However,a tactical blunder by Ma Su at the Battle of Jieting resulted in Shu being dealt a huge defeat by Zhang He,a general of the rival state of Wei. He was a younger brother of Ma Liang.
Liu Shan (207–271),courtesy name Gongsi,was the second and last emperor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. As he ascended the throne at the age of 16,Liu Shan was entrusted to the care of the Chancellor Zhuge Liang and Imperial Secretariat Li Yan. His reign of 40 years was the longest of all emperors in the Three Kingdoms era. During Liu Shan's reign,many campaigns were led against the rival state of Cao Wei,primarily by Zhuge Liang and his successor Jiang Wei,but to little avail,due to their drastic mismatch in terms of population and geographic extent. Liu Shan eventually surrendered to Wei in 263 after Deng Ai led a surprise attack on the Shu capital Chengdu. He was quickly relocated to the Wei capital at Luoyang,and enfeoffed as "Duke Anle". There he enjoyed his last years peacefully before dying in 271,most probably of natural causes.
Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign,also known as the War of Pacification in Nanzhong,was a military campaign which took place in 225 during the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. It was led by Zhuge Liang,the Imperial Chancellor of the state of Shu Han,against opposing forces in the Nanzhong region. The campaign was a response to rebellions started by local governors in the Nanzhong region and intrusions by the Nanman.
Dynasty Warriors 4 is a hack and slash video game and the fourth installment in the Dynasty Warriors series. Dynasty Warriors 4 was developed by Omega Force and published by Koei. The game is available on PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox and is based on a series of books called Romance of the Three Kingdoms,written by Luo Guanzhong. As the series has progressed,it has strayed further from the actual plot of Romance of the Three Kingdoms but instead has given the user more input on how the storyline progresses. When it was released in Japan as Shin Sangokumusou 3,it topped the sales charts,sold over one million copies within nine days,and received an average of 78 out of 100 on Metacritics reviews.
Lady Huang,also known in fiction and folklore as Huang Yueying,was the wife of Zhuge Liang,the chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Her name was not recorded in history;"Huang Yueying" is simply a fictional name. In tales,Lady Huang was,however,remarkable for her erudition,being learned in strategy,geography,astronomy,and divination. Zhuge Liang heard of her intelligence,and courted and married her.
Meng Huo was a local leader in the Nanzhong region in the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was popularly depicted as a local leader representing the gentries of the Nanzhong region,but some historians doubt his historical existence.
Ma Dai was a Chinese military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under his uncle Ma Teng,a warlord in northwestern China,during the late Eastern Han dynasty. After Ma Teng's death,he followed his cousin Ma Chao and they joined the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong for a short period of time. Ma Chao later defected to another warlord Liu Bei,and Ma Dai accompanied him. Ma Dai served under Liu Bei and later in the state of Shu Han.
Nanzhong is the ancient name for a region in southwest China that covers parts of present-day Yunnan,Guizhou and southern Sichuan provinces.
Kessen II is a strategy game loosely based on the Three Kingdoms period of China. It is the sequel to Kessen in name only;both Kessen and the later sequel Kessen III are based on events in Japan and China. The gameplay involves playing out major battles as the storyline progresses,with cutscenes between each battle for the development of the events and major characters. Before battle,players are given a choice of strategies to take,although they can manually control all units in the battlefield. All units are controlled by the AI unless the player directly intervenes,and battles between forces are carried out in real-time. While in control of a unit,players are able to use special skills or magic spells to turn the tables,although enemy characters are also able to do so.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a Chinese television series adapted from the classical 14th century novel of the same title by Luo Guanzhong. The series was produced by China Central Television (CCTV) and was first aired on the network in 1994. It spanned a total of 84 episodes,each approximately 45 minutes long. One of the most expensive television series produced at the time,the project was completed over four years and involved over 400,000 cast and crew members,including divisions of the People's Liberation Army from the Beijing,Nanjing and Chengdu military regions. Some of the dialogue spoken by characters was adapted directly from the novel. Extensive battle scenes,such as the battles of Guandu,Red Cliffs and Xiaoting,were also live-acted.
Ma Zhong,courtesy name Dexin,originally named Hu Du,was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Liu Bei was quite impressed by Ma Zhong and praised him highly,comparing him to the recently defected Huang Quan,Ma Zhong was trusted and respected by the following head of the government Zhuge Liang,Jiang Wan and Fei Yi. After Liu Bei's death,he served under Zhuge Liang during the Southern Campaign and helped to quell the rebellion. He was appointed as the area commander in the south after Li Hui's death. He spends most of his life pacify the region and protecting the people of the south often with the help of Zhang Ni. Ma Zhong was known as a generous and whimsical man but he was also decisive in handling affairs. Hence the southern tribes both feared him and respected him. His duty in the south could be comparable to Wang Ping in the north and Deng Zhi in the east. After his death,the foreigners sorely missed him and later established a temple in his honor.
The Tianshui revolts refer to the rebellions that broke out in the southern part of Liang Province in the spring of 228 during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Military forces from the state of Shu Han,led by their chancellor-regent Zhuge Liang,planned to seize control of Chang'an,a strategic city in Shu's rival state,Cao Wei. The three commanderies of Nan'an,Tianshui,and Anding were captured by Shu forces,but these territorial gains were later lost after the Battle of Jieting. As mentioned in the biography of the Wei general Zhang He:"The commanderies of Nan'an,Tianshui and Anding rebelled and defected to (Zhuge) Liang,(Zhang) He pacified all of them."
Three Kingdoms is a 2010 Chinese television series based on the events in the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The plot is adapted from the 14th century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and other stories about the Three Kingdoms period. Directed by Gao Xixi,the series had a budget of over 160 million RMB and took five years of pre-production work. Shooting of the series commenced in October 2008,and it was released in China in May 2010.
Bao Sanniang is a fictional character who appears primarily in Chinese opera and plays about the Three Kingdoms period of China. She is usually portrayed as a brave woman warrior and as the wife of Guan Suo,a fictitious son of Guan Yu. Proud of her warrior training,she refused marriage until he defeated her in a duel. Although there is no evidence of her existence,there is a tomb and a statue in Guangyuan,Sichuan,who was built for her.
Huaman (花鬘) is a fictional character who originated in "Dragon and Phoenix Headgear",a theatrical opera of Shu Han's fictional conquest of Nanman during the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). She is portrayed as the daughter of Meng Huo,the king of the Southern Barbarians,and Lady Zhurong. She is one of the wives of Guan Suo.
