Landau (automobile)

Last updated November 10, 2024

The Landau began as a carriage design with a folding fabric top consisting of two sections supported by external elliptic springs. This landau roof design was adopted in early automobiles as a convertible top. The term, however, came to mean a simulated convertible.^[1] A landau bar is an ornamental feature located on a car's c-pillar derived from the roof form, primarily used on hearses.^[2]

Origins

Carriages that had a fabric top that could be lowered and raised were named "Landau" carriages after the city of Landau in Germany where convertible carriages were first produced.^[4]

Thus the name "landau", like many other automobile terms, originates from coachbuilding (since coachbuilders began making motor car bodies instead, and because customers were familiar with coachbuilding terms).^[5]

The "landau" described a carriage that featured a manually folding fabric roof that was supported by elliptical springs.^[6] The top was designed with separate folding front and rear sections that raised or lowered independently or locked together in the middle to cover the carriage.^[6] To differentiate the landau models, the coachbuilders typically included large sidebars.^[6]^[7]

The automotive equivalent to the horse-drawn landau carriage was not popular, since a forward view was generally insisted upon by passengers. Instead, the more popular body style for automobiles was the landaulet (half-landau), with its covered front seats and open rear seats.

The 1935 handbook of the Society of Automotive Engineers defines the landau as "a closed-type body with provision for opening or folding the rear quarter, by the use of landau joints" and this usually makes it impossible to include quarter glass.^[8]

Simulated convertible

In the 1920s and 1930s, especially in the United States, "landau" became associated with cars where the fixed (eg metal) roof and rear quarter panels were covered with fabric or leather and fitted with S-shaped side landau bars, to make it appear like a convertible roof.^[9]^[10]

Following the 1920s and 1930s, when custom-built bodies were available with a split front and rear roof design, the use of landau changed from a functional feature on limited production cars to of a decorative feature in some higher market segment production cars.^[11]

The term landau fell into disuse from the mid-1940s until the late-1950s.^[12] It was used to describe fixed-roof cars styled to simulate a two-piece roof or to resemble convertibles, sometimes time using vinyl roofs. An example of a two-piece roof is the 1957 Imperial four-door hardtop with a simulated "landau-type" roof design.^[13] Some models were called "landaus" by their manufacturers, and many were fitted with landau bars on the rear quarters (faux cabriolet).^[10]

Landau bar

A landau bar is an ornamental S-shaped metallic bar installed on the rear quarter panel of a car. Mostly used on hearses, the landau bar is skeuomorphic and represents the folding roof structure on a Landau carriage.^[14]^[15]

The early horse-drawn hearses were horse-drawn carriages that had fully functional landau bars to open and close the fabric roof.^[15] As automobile-based hearses became popular, they "borrowed the landau bar flourish as an homage and an attempt to add a touch of Old-World class."^[15]

Since the mid-1940s, hearses in the United States commonly feature chrome bow-shaped landau bars on the simulated leather-covered rear roof sides.^[16]^[17] The landau bars have become a symbol of a funeral car to the point that hearse manufacturers continue to add them to "limousines as a matter of tradition."^[15]

Ford included simulated landau bars on the highest trim versions of the Thunderbird beginning in 1962. Although the landau bar had become excessively gaudy trim on most passenger cars since the 1970s, there is an apparent return in the 2020s with "neo-landau bars" on some Genesis, Lexus, and Jeep SUV models.^[18] The objective is to "provide some bit of visual interest on an otherwise boring expanse of D-pillar area."^[18] These landau bar-type ornamentations are slimmer and also integrate into the bodyside brightwork.^[18]

Nash Rambler Landau

In 1950, Nash Motors introduced the Rambler, "the first true compact car of the post-World War II era" in a two-door cabrio coach body style called the "Nash Rambler Landau" achieving sales success "when big was better among most U.S. automakers."^[19]^[20]

This model was described as a "convertible landau"^[21] and the roof section from the top of the windscreen could be retracted into the trunk/boot. A "bridge beam" steel structure remained in place at the top of the doors and windows.^[22]

No other convertible featured anything like the Nash Rambler Landau with the fabric top that slid back to open along the fixed side rails.^[23]^[24] The fabric top was power-operated with a cover that could be snapped on when the top was open.^[25] The Rambler's strong body structure eliminated the internal bracing that was normally needed on other open roof cars.^[21]

Ford Thunderbird Landau

Ford marketed versions of the Ford Thunderbird using Landau as a model name. The 1962 Landau was a hardtop that included a padded vinyl roof in white or black with simulated S-bars with a raised wing Thunderbird emblem on the C-pillars.^[26] This model was popular and contributed to increased sales.^[26]

The "Town Landau" model was a model of the 1966 Thunderbird line.^[27] It featured a wide rear C-pillar with no rear quarter windows with a painted roof or available with a vinyl-covered roof that came in black, white, parchment, or sage gold and included color-coordinated S-bars.^[28]

The Thunderbird was redesigned for 1967 and included a four-door sedan body design with rear-hinged (suicide) doors.^[29] All four-door models included a vinyl roof and landau bars giving them the official name of "Landau Sedan".^[29] The C-pillar was visually extended into the rear door window area and covered to match the vinyl top, with the landau bars helping camouflage the cut line.^[30] The simulated landau design with overwrought trim on the four-door model has been described as "a one-car funeral procession".^[31]

The Town Landau two-door version was reintroduced as a mid-1977 model as the most luxurious Thunderbird that included many standard comfort and trim features.^[32] It did not have any simulated landau bars, only the "Town Landau" name in script etched on the opera windows.^[33] This top model continued to be marketed for several more years.^[28]

Related Research Articles

A convertible or cabriolet is a passenger car that can be driven with or without a roof in place. The methods of retracting and storing the roof vary across eras and manufacturers.

A coupe or coupé is a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline and typically with two doors.

The Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury car manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company from model years 1955 to 2005, across 11 generations. Introduced as a two-seat convertible, the Thunderbird was offered variously as a four-seat hardtop coupe, four-seat convertible, five-seat convertible and hardtop, four-door pillared hardtop sedan, six-passenger hardtop coupe, and five-passenger pillared coupe, with the final generation designed again as a two-seat convertible.

The Ford Galaxie is a car that was marketed by Ford in North America from the 1959 to 1974 model years. Deriving its nameplate from a marketing tie-in with the excitement surrounding the Space Race, the Galaxie was offered as a sedan within the full-size Ford range throughout its production run. In the full-size segment, the model line competed against the Chevrolet Impala and Dodge Polara.

Personal luxury car is a North American car classification describing somewhat sporty, sophisticated mass-market coupés that emphasized comfort over performance. The North American manufacturers most often combined engineering, design, and marketing to develop upscale, distinctive "platform sharing" models that became highly profitable.

The Chevrolet Chevelle is a mid-sized automobile that was produced by Chevrolet in three generations for the 1964 through 1977 model years. Part of the General Motors (GM) A-body platform, the Chevelle was one of Chevrolet's most successful nameplates. Body styles included coupes, sedans, convertibles, and station wagons. The "Super Sport" versions were produced through the 1973 model year and Lagunas from 1973 through to 1976.

A sedan or saloon is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with separate compartments for an engine, passengers, and cargo. The first recorded use of sedan in reference to an automobile body occurred in 1912. The name derives from the 17th-century litter known as a sedan chair, a one-person enclosed box with windows and carried by porters. Variations of the sedan style include the close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan, and sedanet.

There are many types of car body styles. They vary depending on intended use, market position, location, and the era they were made.

Vinyl roof refers to a vinyl covering for an automobile's top.

The Ambassador is an automobile manufactured and marketed by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from 1957 through 1974 over eight generations, available in two- and four-door sedan, two-door hardtop, four-door station wagon as well as two-door convertible body styles. It was classified as a full-size car from 1957 through 1961, mid-size from 1962 until 1966, and again full-size from 1967 through 1974 model years.

A hardtop is a rigid form of automobile roof, typically metal, and integral to the vehicle's design, strength, and style. The term typically applies to a pillarless hardtop, a car body style without a B-pillar. The term "pillared hardtop" was used in the 1970s to refer to cars that had a B-pillar but had frameless door glass like a pillarless hardtop.

The Ford LTD is a range of automobiles manufactured by Ford for the 1965 to 1986 model years. Introduced as the highest trim level of the full-size Ford model range, the LTD moved the Ford range upmarket, offering options and features previously reserved for Mercury and Lincoln vehicles. For much of its production life, the LTD competed against the Chevrolet Caprice ; the Mercury Marquis served as its divisional counterpart from 1967 until 1986.

The Mercury Park Lane is a full-sized automobile that was produced by the Mercury division of Ford Motor Company. While not officially introduced as the replacement of the Mercury Turnpike Cruiser, the Park Lane became the flagship of the Mercury model line upon its introduction. The second-generation Park Lane was positioned above the Mercury Montclair.

The Nash Rambler is a North American automobile that was produced by the Nash Motors division of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation from 1950 until 1954 in sedan, wagon, and fixed-profile convertible body styles.

The Rambler Rebel is an automobile that was produced by the American Motors Corporation (AMC) of Kenosha, Wisconsin for the 1957 through 1960 model years, as well as again for 1966 and 1967.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMC Rambler Tarpon</span> Concept car designed by American Motors Corporation

The Rambler Tarpon was a concept car, a compact-sized sporty youth-oriented 2+2 hardtop coupé developed in 1963 by American Motors Corporation (AMC). The bright red with black roof design study made its public debut at the 1964 Chicago Auto Show. The car served to foretell the fastback design elements of the larger Rambler Marlin that was introduced in 1965.

The XR-400 was a fully operational concept car. A "sporty" youth-oriented convertible was built in 1962 by the Budd Company, an independent body builder in Detroit, Michigan, for evaluation by the fourth largest U.S. automaker at the time, American Motors Corporation (AMC).

The third generation of the Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury car produced by Ford for the 1961 to 1963 model years. It featured new and much sleeker styling than the second generation models. Sales were strong, if not quite up to record-breaking 1960, at 73,051 including 10,516 convertibles. A new, larger 390 cu in (6.4 L) FE-series V8 was the only engine available. The Thunderbird was 1961's Indianapolis 500 pace car, and featured prominently in US President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade, probably aided by the appointment of Ford executive Robert McNamara as Secretary of Defense.

The fourth generation Ford Thunderbird is a large personal luxury car produced by Ford for the 1964 to 1966 model years. This generation of the Thunderbird was restyled in favor of a more squared-off, "formal" look. The only remnant of the Thunderbird's former sporty image was that the standard 390-cubic-inch 300 hp (224 kW) V8 engine needed nearly 11 seconds to push the heavy T-bird to 60 mph (97 km/h). The softly sprung suspension allowed considerable body lean, wallow, and float on curves and bumps. Contemporary testers felt that the Buick Riviera, Pontiac Grand Prix and Chrysler 300K were substantially more roadworthy cars, but the Thunderbird retained its leading market share.

The eighth generation of the Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury coupe that was manufactured and marketed by Ford from the 1980 to 1982 model years. Introduced to commemorate the 25th year of the Thunderbird, the eighth generation was substantially downsized, transitioning further into the mid-size segment. For a second generation, the Thunderbird remained the Ford counterpart of the Mercury Cougar XR7; while the Cougar again served as a complete line of mid-sized cars in various body styles starting with 1981 models, the Thunderbird was offered solely as a two-door personal luxury coupe.

References

↑ Demuro, Doug (28 November 2016). "Remember the Landau Roof?". autotrader.com. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ Milner, Richard (18 November 2023). "The Real Reason Hearses Have This Decoration Instead Of Windows On The Back". Grunge. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ "You've Never Seen Anything Like It! (advertisement)". Life. Vol. 28, no. 26. 26 June 1950. p. 2. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ Upton, Chad (22 November 2010). "Why Some Cars Have Fake Convertible Roofs". Broken Secrets. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ Haajanen, Lennart W. (2003). Illustrated dictionary of automobile body styles. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 9780786412761.
1 2 3 Muaddi, Nadeem (12 January 2014). "Why Do We Call It a 'Landau Top'?". The Hog Ring. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ Poppe, Charles W. (Winter 1987). "The Hugh Holbrock Collection". The Carriage Journal. Vol. 25, no. 3. p. 114. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ S.A.E. Handbook. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1935. p. 730. Retrieved 7 May 2022– via Google Books.
↑ Locke, William S. (2007). Elcar and Pratt automobiles: the complete history. Mcfarland. p. 87. ISBN 9780786432547 . Retrieved 7 May 2022– via Google Books.
1 2 The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories . Merriam-Webster. 1991. p. 359. ISBN 9780877796039 . Retrieved 7 May 2022. Landau used on automobiles 1920s mostly advertising device to indicate a fixed roof without a rear quarter window.
↑ "Glossary A-Z (landau top)". haartz.com. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ "1957 New Car parade: Chrysler family makes debut". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 106, no. 5. November 1956. p. 104. Retrieved 7 May 2022– via Google Books.
↑ "1957 Imperial foldout". oldcarbrochures.com. p. 5. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
↑ Torchinsky, Jason (3 May 2013). "Landau Bars On Hearses Are So Very Stupid". jalopnik.com. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1 2 3 4 Kovalchik, Kara (30 October 2015). "Why Do Hearses Have Metal S-Shaped Scrolls Where the Back Windows Should Be?". Mental Floss. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ Schechter, Harold (2009). The Whole Death Catalog: A Lively Guide to the Bitter End. Ballantine Books. p. 119. ISBN 9780345512512 . Retrieved 7 May 2022– via Google Books.
↑ "The Crown Landau Traditional funeral coach". Armbruster-Stageway. 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1 2 3 Torchinsky, Jason (3 October 2023). "The Landau Bar Is Making A Stealthy Return, So Everyone Be On High Alert". The Autopian. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ Flory, Jr., J. Kelly (2008). American Cars, 1946-1959: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. pp. 295–298. ISBN 9780786452309 . Retrieved 7 May 2022– via Google Books.
↑ "1950 Nash Rambler Landau Convertible". The Washington Post. 7 February 1997. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1 2 "Rambler". Automobile Quarterly. 33 (2): 33. 1994.
↑ Gunnel, John (2004). Standard Guide to 1950s American Cars. Krause Publications. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780873498685 . Retrieved 3 April 2014.
↑ Flammang, James M. (1996). Classic American Convertibles. Publications International. p. 146. ISBN 9780785316299 . Retrieved 7 May 2022– via Google Books.
↑ "Never Seen One: 1951 Nash Rambler Airflyte Landau Convertible". bringatrailer.com. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2024. Interior shot shows of the interesting roof configuration nicely.
↑ Castro, David (29 December 2021). "AutoHunter Spotlight: 1950 Nash Rambler Custom Landau convertible". journal.classiccars.com. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1 2 "1962 Ford Thunderbird Sports Roadster and Landau Models". automotivemileposts.com. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
↑ Gunnell, John (2005). American Cars of the 1960s: A Decade of Diversity. Krause Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9780896891319.
1 2 "1966 Ford Thunderbird: The Four Body Styles Explained: Hardtop, Town Hardtop, Town Landau, and Convertible". automotivemileposts.com. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
1 2 Saur, Brendan (30 April 2019). "Curbside Classic: 1967 Ford Thunderbird Landau Sedan – Are Four Doors Really Better Than Two?". curbsideclassic.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (10 October 2007). "1967-1971 Ford Thunderbird". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ Gillogly, Brandan (8 February 2019). "The 1964–66 Thunderbird is the ugly duckling of the family". Hagerty. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ "1977 Thunderbird Town Landau brochure" (PDF). dezosgarage. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
↑ Dennis, Joseph (16 July 2021). "Curbside Classic: 1977 Ford Thunderbird Town Landau - Her Name Was Lola". Curbside Classic. Retrieved 13 January 2024.