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The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland ("Territorial Association of Germans from Russia", "Homeland Association of Germans from Russia") is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Russia to West Germany after World War II.
The organization is based in Stuttgart, and it was founded in 1950.
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The Federation of Expellees is a non-profit organization formed in West Germany on 27 October 1957 to represent the interests of German nationals of all ethnicities and foreign ethnic Germans and their families who either fled their homes in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, or were forcibly expelled following World War II.
During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and Volksdeutsche fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union.
The Landsmannschaft Schlesien - Nieder- und Oberschlesien e.V. is an organization of Germans born in the former Prussian provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, and their descendants, who currently live in Germany. The Landsmannschaft Schlesien was established in March 1950 and is a member of the Federation of Expellees, and has its headquarters in Königswinter, North Rhine-Westphalia.
The German Expellees or Heimatvertriebene are 12-16 million German citizens and ethnic Germans who fled or were expelled after World War II from parts of Germany annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union and from other countries, who found refuge in both West and East Germany, and Austria.
Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II. A number of these phenomena were categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms by the Nuremberg Tribunal after the war ended. The mass movement of people – most of them refugees – had either been caused by the hostilities, or enforced by the former Axis and the Allied powers based on ideologies of race and ethnicity, culminating in the postwar border changes enacted by international settlements. The refugee crisis created across formerly occupied territories in World War II provided the context for much of the new international refugee and global human rights architecture existing today.
People of German origin have at times been persecuted due to a perception that they were linked with German nationalist regimes, particularly Imperial Germany and Nazi Germany.
The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Litauen is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Lithuania to West Germany after World War II.
The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Ungarn or Homeland Society of Germans from Hungary is an organization which represents ethnic German refugees expelled from their homes in Hungary to western Germany during World War II and its aftermath.
The Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft is an organization representing Sudeten German expellees and refugees from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Most of them were forcibly expelled and deported to western Allied occupation zones of Germany, which would later form West Germany, from their homelands inside Czechoslovakia during the expulsion of Germans after World War II.
German Hungarians are the German-speaking minority of Hungary, sometimes also called Danube Swabians, many of whom call themselves "Shwoveh" in their own Swabian dialect. There are 131,951 German speakers in Hungary. Danube Swabian is a collective term for a number of German ethnic groups who lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary, including the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Vojvodina. Other ethnic German groups previously lived on the territory of both the former Hungarian kingdom as well as on the territory of present-day Hungary since the Middle Ages onwards, most notably in Budapest but not only.
The International Association of Friends of the Soviet Union was an organization formed on the initiative of the Communist International in 1927, with the purpose of coordinating solidarity efforts with the Soviet Union around the world. It grew out of existing initiatives like Friends of Soviet Russia in the United States, the Association of Friends of the New Russia in Germany, and the Hands Off Russia campaign that had emerged during the early 1920s in Great Britain and elsewhere.
The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire. The presence of independent German states in the region, and later the German Empire as well as other multi-ethnic countries with German-speaking minorities, such as Hungary, Poland, Imperial Russia, etc., demonstrates the extent and duration of German-speaking settlements.
As a result of World War II, Poland's borders were shifted west. Within Poland's new boundaries there remained a substantial number of ethnic Germans, who were expelled from Poland until 1951. The remaining former German citizens were primarily autochthons, who were allowed to stay in post-war Poland after declaring Polish nationality in a verification process. According to article 116 of the German constitution, all former German citizens may be "re-granted German citizenship on application" and are "considered as not having been deprived of their German citizenship if they have established their domicile in Germany after May 8, 1945 and have not expressed a contrary intention." This regulation allowed the autochthons, and ethnic Germans permitted to stay in Poland, to reclaim German citizenship and settle in West Germany. In addition to those groups, a substantial number of Poles who never had German citizenship were emigrating to West Germany during the period of the People's Republic of Poland for political and economic reasons.
The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, commonly known as Cominform, was a co-ordination body of Marxist-Leninist communist parties in Europe during the early Cold War that was formed in part as a replacement of the Communist International. The Cominform was dissolved during de-Stalinization in 1956.
The Landsmannschaft der Banater Schwaben e.V. is an organization of German Banat Swabians refugees expelled from their homes in Banat, Romania after World War II.
The Bund der Danziger is an organization of German refugees from Danzig expelled from their homes after World War II. The organization was founded in 1946.
The Landsmannschaft der Bessarabiendeutschen is an organization of Bessarabia German refugees expelled from their homes after World War II.
The Landsmannschaft Weichsel-Warthe Bundesverband is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in modern-day Poland after World War II. The organization is based in Wiesbaden, and it was founded in 1949.
The Karpatendeutsche Landsmannschaft Slowakei is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Slovakia after World War II. The organization is based in Stuttgart, and it was founded in 1949.
The Pommersche Landsmannschaft is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Pomerania after World War II.