Len Fisher | |
---|---|
Born | Leonard Ross Fisher 1942 (age 81–82) |
Nationality | Australian |
Awards | Order of Australia, Ig Nobel Prize |
Academic background | |
Education | University of Sydney, University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, University of Bristol |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Physicist |
Institutions | University of Bristol |
Website | Official website |
Leonard Ross Fisher OAM (born 1942) is an Australian physicist,and visiting senior research fellow at the University of Bristol,UK. He is known for his research into everyday topics,such as the optimal way to dunk a biscuit,and the optimum use of cheese in a cheese sandwich.
Fisher received a BSc in chemistry and pure mathematics, [1] [ better source needed ] and an MSc in radiation chemistry from the University of Sydney. [2] He has a PhD in physics of surfaces from the University of New South Wales. [3]
Fisher has been a visiting senior research fellow in the school of physics at the University of Bristol since 1992. [4] [5]
In 1998,Fisher published a study on the optimal way to dunk a biscuit. The study concluded that 10 times more flavour is released from a biscuit if it has first been dunked in a hot drink. This research was funded by McVities. [6] [7]
In 2000,Fisher studied the absorption of gravy by a roast dinner. He found that 700,000 litres of gravy is wasted every week in the UK when it is poured on food and not consumed. [8] He also calculated a gravy absorption index,and published a set of rules to maximise the absorption of gravy by food. [9] Following on from this work,in 2001,he researched the best bread to absorb gravy with,concluding that ciabatta soaks up the most. [10]
In 2003,Fisher produced a report for the British Cheese Board,titled "Optimum Use of Cheese in a Cheese Sandwich". [11] He found that the optimum thickness for the filling in a cheese sandwich is dependent on the type of cheese used,and that the sandwich should be made with a light spread of butter or margarine to enhance the flavour of the cheese. [12] This research has drawn criticism for being 'frivolous'. [13]
Fisher was presented with the Ig Nobel Prize for Physics,in 1999,for calculating the optimal way to dunk a biscuit. [16]
In 2004,Fisher was named Science Writer of the Year by the American Institute of Physics for How to Dunk a Doughnut:The Science of Everyday Life. [17]
In 2019,Fisher was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for his contribution to science. [18] [19]
A cookie or biscuit is a baked snack or dessert that is typically small,flat,and sweet. It usually contains flour,sugar,egg,and some type of oil,fat,or butter. It may include other ingredients such as raisins,oats,chocolate chips,or nuts.
Midwestern cuisine is a regional cuisine of the American Midwest. It draws its culinary roots most significantly from the cuisines of Central,Northern and Eastern Europe,and Indigenous cuisine of the Americas,and is influenced by regionally and locally grown foodstuffs and cultural diversity.
The cuisine of the Southern United States encompasses diverse food traditions of several subregions,including Tidewater,Appalachian,Ozarks,Lowcountry,Cajun,Creole,African American Cuisine and Floribbean cuisine. In recent history,elements of Southern cuisine have spread to other parts of the United States,influencing other types of American cuisine.
Oreo is a brand of sandwich cookie consisting of two cocoa biscuits or cookie pieces with a sweet fondant filling. It was introduced by Nabisco on March 6,1912,and through a series of corporate acquisitions,mergers and splits both Nabisco and the Oreo brand have been owned by Mondelez International since 2012. Oreo cookies are available in over one hundred countries. Many varieties of Oreo cookies have been produced,and limited-edition runs have become popular in the 21st century.
A biscuit,in most English speaking countries,is a flour-based baked and shaped food product. Biscuits are typically hard,flat,and unleavened. They are usually sweet and may be made with sugar,chocolate,icing,jam,ginger,or cinnamon. They can also be savoury,similar to crackers. Types of biscuit include sandwich biscuits,digestive biscuits,ginger biscuits,shortbread biscuits,chocolate chip cookies,chocolate-coated marshmallow treats,Anzac biscuits,biscotti,and speculaas.
A digestive biscuit,sometimes described as a sweet-meal biscuit,is a semi-sweet biscuit that originated in Scotland. The digestive was first developed in 1839 by two Scottish doctors to aid digestion. The term digestive is derived from the belief that they had antacid properties around the time the biscuit was first introduced due to the use of sodium bicarbonate as an ingredient. Historically,some producers used diastatic malt extract to "digest" some of the starch that existed in flour prior to baking.
An Italian beef sandwich,originating in Chicago,is composed of thin slices of seasoned roast beef,simmered and served au jus on a long French roll. The sandwich's history dates back at least to the 1930s. The bread itself is,at the diner's preference,often dipped into the juice the meat is cooked in,and the sandwich is typically topped off with Chicago-style giardiniera or sauteed,with green Italian sweet peppers.
To dunk or to dip a biscuit or some other food,usually baked goods,means to submerge it into a drink,especially tea,coffee,or milk. Dunking releases more flavour from confections by dissolving the sugars,while also softening their texture. Dunking can be used to melt chocolate on biscuits to create a richer flavour.
In physics,Washburn's equation describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes;it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn;also known as Lucas–Washburn equation,considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper three years earlier,or the Bell-Cameron-Lucas-Washburn equation,considering J.M. Bell and F.K. Cameron's discovery of the form of the equation in 1906.
A dip or dip sauce is a common condiment for many types of food. Dips are used to add flavor or texture to a food,such as pita bread,dumplings,crackers,chopped raw vegetables,fruits,seafood,cubed pieces of meat and cheese,potato chips,tortilla chips,falafel,and sometimes even whole sandwiches in the case of jus. Unlike other sauces,instead of applying the sauce to the food,the food is typically placed or dipped into the sauce.
The Bourbon is a sandwich biscuit consisting of two thin rectangular dark chocolate-flavoured biscuits with a chocolate buttercream filling.
A Luther Burger,or doughnut burger,is a hamburger or cheeseburger with one or more glazed doughnuts in place of the bun. These burgers have a disputed origin,and tend to run between approximately 800 and 1,500 calories.
A cheese sandwich is a sandwich made with cheese on bread. Typically semi-hard cheeses are used for the filling,such as Cheddar,Red Leicester,or Double Gloucester. A Guardian article called the cheese sandwich a "British lunchtime staple". Using a sandwich toaster or frying pan can transform the cheese sandwich into a cheese toastie.
A custard cream is a type of sandwich biscuit popular in the British Isles filled with a creamy,custard-flavoured centre. Traditionally,the filling was buttercream but nowadays cheaper fats have replaced butter in mass-produced biscuits. The filling tastes of vanilla and as such is more akin to the taste of custard made with custard powder than egg custard. It is believed that the custard cream biscuit originated in Britain in 1908. Usually,they have an elaborate baroque design stamped onto them,originating in the Victorian era and representing ferns.
The American Institute of Physics (AIP) instituted their Science Writing Award to "promote effective science communication in print and broadcast media in order to improve the general public's appreciation of physics,astronomy,and allied science fields." The winner receives $3000,and an engraved Windsor chair. The award is given in three broad categories:1) science writing,2) work intended for children,and 3) work done in new media. The AIP stopped issuing awards to three categories:1) work by a professional journalist 2) work by a scientist,and 3) broadcast media
Dairylea is a popular brand of processed cheese products produced by Mondelēz International and available in Ireland and the United Kingdom. As of 2017,it is also available in Australia.
In the United States and Canada,a biscuit is a variety of baked bread with a firm,dry exterior and a soft,crumbly interior. It is made with baking powder as a leavening agent rather than yeast,and at times is called a baking powder biscuit to differentiate it from other types. Like other forms of bread,a biscuit is often served with butter or other condiments,flavored with other ingredients,or combined with other types of food to make sandwiches or other dishes.
A sandwich cookie,also known as a sandwich biscuit,is a type of cookie made from two thin cookies or medium cookies with a filling between them. Many types of fillings are used,such as cream,ganache,buttercream,chocolate,cream cheese,jam,peanut butter,lemon curd,or ice cream.