Lex Irnitana

Last updated

The lex Irnitana consists of fragments of Roman municipal laws dated to AD 91 which had been inscribed on a collection of six bronze tablets found in 1981 near El Saucejo, Spain. [1] [2] Together with the Lex Salpensana and the Lex Malacitana it provides the most complete [1] version of the lex Flavia municipalis, or the Flavian municipal law. [1] [2] and has allowed new insights into the workings of Roman law. [3] The tablets are exhibited in the Archeological Museum of Seville. [1] Since the tablets provide the only surviving copy of large parts of the Flavian municipal law, they have provided new insights into the procedural side of municipal courts. [4]

Contents

Description

The tablets measure 57.5 by 91.5 cm (22.6 by 36.0 in) [1] and each has three holes at the top and bottom to fix them to the facade of an official building at a height where it could easily be read, as expressly required by article 95. In total they must have stretched some 9 m (30 ft) like an unrolled volumen . [2] The letters measure 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) in height and the text is framed by a simple molding.

The six surviving tablets are engraved III, V, VII, VIII, IX and X. [1] [2] Fragments of tablet II have later been discovered. [1] A sanctio, a legal endorsement, on tablet X shows that it is the last tablet. [2] The plates each consist of three columns of text which survives largely intact. It contains 96 articles (rubricae), an addendum and a letter from Domitian. [1] [2] The articles are not numbered but marked by Rubrica followed by a short description. Correlating the Lex Irnitana with other finds, it is possible to reconstruct most of the original numbering except for twelve sections at the end of tablet V. [2]

Dating

The letter which is included at the end provides two dates for the text: Litterae datae IIII idus Apriles Circeis recitatae V idus Domitianas, which dates the letter to the 10th of April and its (public) reading to the 11th of the month Domitian (October) [2] both in the year that Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus were consuls (AD 91) and is consistent with the granting of Latin Rights to Baetica in 73/74 [5] and the original text of the document must have been composed somewhere in between using fragments of existing provisions in older laws from Augustean and even Republican times. [5] The addendum is written in a smaller script than the rest of the text and is thought to have been added in the second or third century. [5]

Content

The document contains the municipal regulations of the Hispano-Roman city of Irni and is signed by Emperor Domitian in Circei (Italy) in the year 91. The text deals with the competencies of duumviri , aediles and quaestores , regulates the decurional order, manumission and the appointment of guardians, the relations between patronus and cliens, the acquisition of Roman civil rights by magistrates and public affairs, including the funding of cults, priesthoods, rituals, calendar and games, which were considered a religious matter. [1]

The text of the law was standard for all cities that held the rank of a municipality; only the name was changed when it was inscribed on bronze tablets for public display. It lays out the rules by which municipal life was to be governed. Among them are those that refer to the responsibilities of authorities, the order of intervention in assemblies, the holding of elections, the appointment of judges, the remuneration of municipal workers, the expenses that could be incurred from the public treasury, Roman citizenship, the appointment of guardians, and the continued prohibition of mixed marriages between Romans and indigenous people. However, it provides a dispensation for those marriages celebrated before the promulgation of the law.

Chapters 52 to 55 of the law contain parts of the regulations governing the annual local elections that allowed for the appointment of the city's magistrates. Their strong similarities to modern elections make these passages particularly intriguing, where instructions are also provided regarding candidate requirements and the mechanics to follow on election day. [6]

The Law of Irni practically reproduces the entire text of the laws of Salpensa and Malaca, also fitting within it the known fragments from Basilipo and Italica. Due to its greater length, the Law of Irni appears as the main known text of Roman law in the provinces.

The Irnitano municipality was unknown prior to the discovery of these tablets, with no reference in epigraphy or literary sources. Excavations carried out in the area of their finding revealed a Romanized Iberian settlement, although it cannot be confirmed that this is Irni. The house where the tablets were located appears to have been a bronzesmith workshop, to which they might have been moved for melting, probably around the 3rd to 4th century.

The discovery of the tablets altered the landscape of Hispanic municipal laws, confirming the existence of a model law, the "Flavia", from which different municipalities would have drawn their respective copies. Due to its greater length, the Law of Irni stands out as the primary text, relegating the laws of Salpensa and Málaga to a secondary position. [7] [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domitian</span> 11th Roman emperor from AD 81 to 96

Domitian was Roman emperor from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavian dynasty. Described as "a ruthless but efficient autocrat", his authoritarian style of ruling put him at sharp odds with the Senate, whose powers he drastically curtailed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">90s</span> Tenth decade of the first century AD

The 90s was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 90, to December 31, AD 99.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Titus</span> 10th Roman emperor from AD 79 to 81

Titus Caesar Vespasianus was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domitia Longina</span> Wife of the Roman emperor Domitian (c. AD 53/55 – c. 126/130)

Domitia Longina was a Roman empress and wife to the Roman emperor Domitian. She was the youngest daughter of the general and consul Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. Domitia divorced her first husband, Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus in order to marry Domitian in AD 71. The marriage produced only one son, whose early death is believed to have been the cause of a temporary rift between Domitia and her husband in 83. She became the empress upon Domitian's accession in 81, and remained so until his assassination in 96. She is believed to have died sometime between AD 126 and 130.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flavian dynasty</span> Roman imperial dynasty (r. AD 69–96)

The Flavian dynasty ruled the Roman Empire between AD 69 and 96, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69–79), and his two sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96). The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in mid 69. His claim to the throne was quickly challenged by legions stationed in the Eastern provinces, who declared their commander Vespasian emperor in his place. The Second Battle of Bedriacum tilted the balance decisively in favour of the Flavian forces, who entered Rome on 20 December. The following day, the Roman Senate officially declared Vespasian emperor of the Roman Empire, thus commencing the Flavian dynasty. Although the dynasty proved to be short-lived, several significant historic, economic and military events took place during their reign.

Lucius Neratius Marcellus was an imperial Roman military officer and senator who held a number of posts in the Emperor's service. Marcellus was elected consul twice, first under Domitian in 95 AD and again under Hadrian in 129. His life provides several examples of how patronage operated in early Imperial Rome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flavia gens</span> Roman families

The gens Flavia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Its members are first mentioned during the last three centuries of the Republic. The first of the Flavii to achieve prominence was Marcus Flavius, tribune of the plebs in 327 and 323 BC; however, no Flavius attained the consulship until Gaius Flavius Fimbria in 104 BC. The gens became illustrious during the first century AD, when the family of the Flavii Sabini claimed the imperial dignity.

<i>Duumviri</i>

The duumviri, originally duoviri and also known in English as the duumvirs, were any of various joint magistrates of ancient Rome. Such pairs of magistrates were appointed at various periods of Roman history both in Rome itself and in the colonies and municipia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saints Nereus and Achilleus</span>

Nereus and Achilleus are two Roman martyr saints. In the present General Roman Calendar, revised in 1969, Nereus and Achilleus (together) are celebrated on 12 May.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domitilla the Elder</span> Wife of the Roman Emperor Vespasian

Flavia Domitilla Major was the wife of the Roman Emperor Vespasian and mother of the emperors Titus and Domitian. She died before her husband became emperor in 69 AD. After her death she is thought to have been deified by the name Diva Domitilla.

Flavia Domitilla was a Roman noblewoman of the 1st century. She was a granddaughter of Emperor Vespasian and a niece of Emperors Titus and Domitian. She married her second cousin, the consul Titus Flavius Clemens, a grand-nephew of Vespasian through his father Titus Flavius Sabinus.

<i>Lex Ursonensis</i> Ancient Roman law

The Lex Ursonensis is the foundation charter of the Caesarean colonia Iulia Genetiva at Urso near Osuna in southern Spain. A copy of its text was inscribed on bronze under the Flavians, portions of which were discovered in 1870/71. The original law spanned nine tablets with three or five columns of text each and comprised over 140 sections (rubricae). Of these four tablets survive, including sections 61-82, 91-106 and 123-134. Remains are kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain, in Madrid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Álvaro d'Ors Pérez-Peix</span> Spanish academic

Álvaro Jordi d'Ors Rovira y Pérez-Peix was a Spanish scholar of Roman law, currently considered one of the best 20th-century experts on the field; he served as professor at the universities of Santiago de Compostela and Pamplona. He was also theorist of law and political theorist, responsible for development of Traditionalist vision of state and society. Politically he supported the Carlist cause. Though he did not hold any official posts within the organization, he counted among top intellectuals of the movement; he was member of the advisory council of the Carlist claimant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heraclean Tablets</span>

The Heraclean Tablets are bronze tablets found a short distance from the site of Heraclea Lucania, in the direction of Metapontum. They are significant for the study of Roman Law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palace of Domitian</span>

The Palace of Domitian was built as Roman emperor Domitian's official residence in 81–92 AD and was used as such by subsequent emperors. Its remains sit atop and dominate the Palatine Hill in Rome, alongside other palaces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple of the gens Flavia</span> Temple in ancient Rome

The Temple of the Flavian clan was a Roman temple on the Quirinal Hill, dedicated by Domitian at the end of the 1st century to other members of the Flavian dynasty. It was sited at the ad Malum Punicum, on a site near the present-day junction of Via XX Settembre and Via delle Quattro Fontane. This site was near the residences of Vespasian and Vespasian's brother Titus Flavius Sabinus.

(Lucius?) Plotius Pegasus was a Roman senator and jurisconsult active under the Flavian dynasty. He was suffect consul in an uncertain year, most likely 72 or 73, as the colleague of Lucius Cornelius Pusio Annius Messalla. Shortly after his ascension to the imperial throne, Domitian appointed Pegasus urban prefect, one of the most prestigious offices in a senatorial career.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stoic Opposition</span> 1st-century Roman Stoic philosophers opposed to the autocratic rule of certain emperors

The Stoic Opposition is the name given to a group of Stoic philosophers who actively opposed the autocratic rule of certain emperors in the 1st-century, particularly Nero and Domitian. Most prominent among them was Thrasea Paetus, an influential Roman senator executed by Nero. They were held in high regard by the later Stoics Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. Thrasea, Rubellius Plautus and Barea Soranus were reputedly students of the famous Stoic teacher Musonius Rufus and as all three were executed by Nero they became known collectively as the Stoic martyrs.

<i>Lex Malacitana</i> Latin local statutes

Lex Malacitana or Lex Flavia Malacitana is a bronze tablet bearing Latin local statutes which deal with the official activities of the duoviri iuri dicundo. The tablet was found in the 20th century near Malaca with the lex Salpensana, and it was dated from AD 81–84, i.e. the early reign of Domitian. Malaca was governed under this law, which granted free-born persons the privileges of Roman citizenship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Villa of Domitian (Sabaudia)</span>

The ancient Roman Villa of Domitian is located on the shore of the lagoon of Paola between Sabaudia and San Felice Circeo, at a locality known as Palazzo. It was one of the palaces that belonged to the emperor Domitian, and which he called his villa "at Circeii". It is considered one of the most important yet little-known Roman imperial residences in Latium.

References

Bibliography