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Year 103 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Orestes and the Second Year of Taichu. The denomination 103 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period,when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Year 102 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Catulus and the Third Year of Taichu. The denomination 102 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period,when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Year 101 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Aquillius and the Fourth Year of Taichu. The denomination 101 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period,when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
This article concerns the period 109 BC –100 BC.
This article concerns the period 129 BC –120 BC.
Year 99 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Albinus and the Second Year of Tianhan. The denomination 99 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period,when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Year 90 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lupus and the Third Year of Zhenghe. The denomination 90 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period,when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Emperor Wen of Han,personal name Liu Heng (劉恆),was the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty from 180 until his death in 157 BC. The son of Emperor Gao and Consort Bo,his reign provided a much needed stability within the ruling Liu clan after the unstable and violent regency of Empress Lü,who went after numerous members of the clan. The prosperous reigns of Emperor Wen and his son Emperor Jing are highly regarded by historians,being referred to as the Rule of Wen and Jing.
Emperor Wu of Han,born Liu Che and courtesy name Tong,was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty from 141 to 87 BC. His reign lasted 54 years –a record not broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1,800 years later –and remains the record for ethnic Han emperors. His reign resulted in a vast expansion of geopolitical influence for the Chinese civilization,and the development of a strong centralized state via governmental policies,economical reorganization and promotion of a hybrid Legalist–Confucian doctrine. In the field of historical social and cultural studies,Emperor Wu is known for his religious innovations and patronage of the poetic and musical arts,including development of the Imperial Music Bureau into a prestigious entity. It was also during his reign that cultural contact with western Eurasia was greatly increased,directly and indirectly.
The Han–Xiongnu War,also known as the Sino–Xiongnu War,was a series of military conflicts fought over two centuries between the Chinese Han Empire and the nomadic Xiongnu confederation,although extended conflicts can be traced back as early as 200 BC and ahead as late as 188 AD.
Modu,Maodun,Modun was the son of Touman and the founder of the empire of the Xiongnu. He came to power by ordering his men to kill his father in 209 BCE.
Li Ling,courtesy name Shaoqing,was a Chinese military general of the Western Han dynasty who served during the reign of Emperor Wu. He later defected to the Xiongnu after being defeated in an expedition in 99 BC.
This article concerns the period 99 BC –90 BC.
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China. It followed the Qin dynasty,which had unified the Warring States of China by conquest. It was founded by Liu Bang. The dynasty is divided into two periods:the Western Han and the Eastern Han,interrupted briefly by the Xin dynasty of Wang Mang. These appellations are derived from the locations of the capital cities Chang'an and Luoyang,respectively. The third and final capital of the dynasty was Xuchang,where the court moved in 196 CE during a period of political turmoil and civil war.
Junchen was the son and successor to Laoshang Chanyu. As chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire,Junchen outlived the Han emperors Wen,Jing. He died during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han. All three Han emperors confirmed the heqin peace and kinship treaty with the Xiongnu.
Qiedihou,whose name was probably Qiedi,was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire,and the successor to Xulihu. His reign was contemporaneous with that of the Emperor Wu of Han. He was the younger brother of Xulihu,who died,after just a one-year reign,during a campaign against a newly built Western Han fort Shuofang in Ordos.
The War of the Heavenly Horses or the Han–Dayuan War was a military conflict fought in 104 BC and 102 BC between the Chinese Han dynasty and the Saka-ruled (Scythian) Greco-Bactrian kingdom known to the Chinese as Dayuan,in the Ferghana Valley at the easternmost end of the Greek empire. The war was allegedly instigated by trade disputes compounded by the extended geopolitics surrounding the Han-Xiongnu War,resulting in two Han expeditions that eventuated in a Han victory,allowing Han China to expand its hegemony deep into Central Asia.
Lady Li(Chinese:李夫人;pinyin:LǐFūrén,died between 104 and 101 BC) was a Han dynasty concubine of Emperor Wu. Civil unrest broke out between her family and Wei Zifu's family. Moreover,her siblings defected to the Xiongnu and became traitors to China. As a result,Emperor Wu ordered her relatives to be tried and executed,leading to the downfall of her and her family.
The military of the Han dynasty was the military apparatus of China from 202 BC to 220 AD,with a brief interregnum by the reign of Wang Mang and his Xin dynasty from 9 AD to 23 AD,followed by two years of civil war before the refounding of the Han.
Hulugu was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. He was the son and successor of Qiedihou and reigned from 96 to 85 BC.
References
- ↑ Li Guangli's biography in Book of Han indicate that he surrendered to the Xiongnu in the 3rd year of the Zheng'he era of Emperor Wu's reign (90 BCE). Vol. 94 part 1 of Book of Han indicate that Li stayed with the Xiongnu for about a year before he was sacrificed. Vol.22 of Zizhi Tongjian also indicate that he died in the 4th year of the Zheng'he era, which corresponds to 7 Feb 89 BCE to 25 Jan 88 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar.
- ↑ Michael Loewe, Dr Michael Loewe (2002). Records of Han Administration. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780700713752.
- ↑ Michael Loewe (2002). Records of Han Administration. Psychology Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780700713752.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
- ↑ Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2004). "HAN AND XIONGNU A REEXAMINATION OF CULTURAL AND POLITICAL RELATIONS (II)". Monumenta Serica. 52: 82.
- ↑ Lin Jianming (林剑鸣) (1992). 秦漢史 [History of Qin and Han]. Wunan Publishing. pp. 557–8. ISBN 978-957-11-0574-1.
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