Liana Millu (born Millul; Pisa, 21 December 1914 – 6 February 2005) [1] was a Jewish-Italian journalist, World War II resistance fighter and Holocaust survivor. She is best known for her 1947 autobiography Smoke over Birkenau , translated to English as Smoke over Birkenau.
Millu was raised by her grandparents, and spent most of her life in Genoa. Her surname at birth was Millul, but she later changed it to Millu for her pseudonym. [2] She worked as a journalist for Il Telegrafo and schoolteacher.
In 1943, Millu joined the Italian partisans. She was arrested in 1944 and deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in Poland.
After the war, Millu returned to Italy and became an author. Her work is included in the Italian anthology, Twentieth-Century Ligurian Writers. [3]
Oriana Fallaci was an Italian journalist and author. A member of the Italian resistance movement during World War II, she had a long and successful journalistic career. Fallaci became famous worldwide for her coverage of war and revolution, and her "long, aggressive and revealing interviews" with many world leaders during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.
Charlotte Delbo was a French writer chiefly known for her haunting memoirs of her time as a prisoner in Auschwitz, where she was sent for her activities as a member of the French Resistance.
Roza Robota or Róża Robota in Polish, referred to in other sources as Rojza, Rózia or Rosa, was the leader of a group of four women Holocaust resistors hanged in the Auschwitz concentration camp for their role in the Sonderkommando prisoner revolt of 7 October 1944.
Elizabeth Meta Wiskemann was an English journalist and historian of Anglo-German ancestry. She was an intelligence officer in World War II, and the Montagu Burton Chair in International Relations at the University of Edinburgh.
The history of the Jews during World War II is almost synonymous with the persecution and murder of Jews which was committed on an unprecedented scale in Europe and European North Africa. The massive scale of the Holocaust which happened during World War II greatly affected the Jewish people and world public opinion, which only understood the dimensions of the Final Solution after the war. The genocide, known as HaShoah in Hebrew, aimed at the elimination of the Jewish people on the European continent. It was a broadly organized operation led by Nazi Germany, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered methodically and with horrifying cruelty. Although the Holocaust was organized by the highest levels of the Nazi German government, the vast majority of Jews murdered were not German, but were instead residents of countries invaded by the Nazis after 1938. Of the approximately 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis, approximately 160,000 to 180,000 were German Jews. During the Holocaust in occupied Poland, more than one million Jews were murdered in gas chambers of the Auschwitz concentration camp alone. The murder of the Jews of Europe affected Jewish communities in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.
Jewish resistance under Nazi rule took various forms of organized underground activities conducted against German occupation regimes in Europe by Jews during World War II. According to historian Yehuda Bauer, Jewish resistance was defined as actions that were taken against all laws and actions acted by Germans. The term is particularly connected with the Holocaust and includes a multitude of different social responses by those oppressed, as well as both passive and armed resistance conducted by Jews themselves.
Fania Fénelon was a French pianist, composer and cabaret singer whose 1976 memoir, Sursis pour l'orchestre, about survival in the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz during the Holocaust was adapted as the 1980 television film, Playing for Time.
Rose Grunapfel Meth born as Ruzia Grunapfel, also known as Reisel Grunapfel Meth, was one of several Jewish participants in the October 7, 1944 "Sonderkommando uprising" of inmates in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.
The Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea is an independent cultural and historical institution in Milan, Italy, dedicated to promoting the study of the events, culture, and circumstances of the Jewish People in Italy in the context of modern times.
Rose Warfman was a French survivor of Auschwitz and member of the French Resistance.
Elisabeth Jungmann, Lady Beerbohm was an interpreter and the secretary, literary executor and second wife of the writer, caricaturist and parodist Sir Max Beerbohm.
Jeanne Modigliani was an Italian-French historian of Jewish art mostly known for her biographical research on her father, artist Amedeo Modigliani. In 1958 she wrote the book Modigliani: Man and Myth, later translated into English from the Italian by Esther Rowland Clifford.
Célia Bertin was a French writer, journalist, biographer, French Resistance fighter and winner of the 1953 Prix Renaudot. She was awarded as an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and an Officer of Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
Seweryna Maria Szmaglewska was a Polish writer, known for both books for children and adults alike, and an inmate of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp during World War II. Her novels Czarne Stopy and Dymy nad Birkenau are compulsory reading in Polish schools.
Marceline Loridan-Ivens was a French writer and film director. Her memoir But You Did Not Come Back details her time in Auschwitz-Birkenau. She was married to Joris Ivens.
The Holocaust in the Netherlands was organized by Nazi Germany in occupied Netherlands as part of the Holocaust across Europe during the Second World War. The Nazi occupation in 1940 immediately began disrupting the norms of Dutch society, separating Dutch Jews in multiple ways from the general Dutch population. The Nazis used existing Dutch civil administration as well as the Dutch Jewish Council "as an invaluable means to their end". In 1939, there were some 140,000 Jews living in the Netherlands, among them some 24,000 to 25,000 German-Jewish refugees who had fled from Germany in the 1930s. Some 75% of the Dutch-Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust. The 1947 census reported 14,346 Jews, or 10% of the pre-war population. This further decrease is attributed to massive emigration of Jews to the then British Mandate of Palestine. There is debate among scholars about the extent to which the Dutch public was aware of the Holocaust. Postwar Netherlands has grappled with construction the historical memory of the Holocaust and created monuments memorializing this chapter Dutch history. The Dutch National Holocaust Museum opened in March 2024.
Events from the year 1914 in Italy.
Helena Dunicz-Niwińska was a Polish violinist, translator and author.
Nina Lazavrevna Gourfinkel or Gurfinkel was a Russian Jewish writer living in France. During World War II she worked to provide housing for Jews and other displaced people in the Zone libre. She wrote on Russian theatre and literature, with translations and biographies of Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Stanislavski, Gogol, Lenin, Maxim Gorky and Chekhov.
Smoke over Birkenau is a 1945 autobiographical book by Polish writer Seweryna Szmaglewska, based on her experiences as an inmate of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp during World War II. It was one of the first works on this topic, and it became highly influential in shaping the public's knowledege of this topic. Due to its literary and factual values, it was considered an outstanding achievement of camp literature.
liana millu grandparents.
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