Linda C. Sobell

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Linda Carter Sobell, Ph.D., ABPP, is the President's Distinguished Professor at Nova Southeastern University (NSU) in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. She is a professor of clinical psychology, addiction specialist, co-director of NSU's Guided Self-Change clinic, a Motivational Interviewing Trainer, and is board-certified in cognitive and behavioral psychology. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Sobell has been recognized nationally and internationally for her research in the addictions field including brief motivational interventions, self-change, and the Timeline Followback. She is a Fellow in the American Psychological Association (APA) in Divisions 1, 3, 12, 25, 28, 38, and 50, the Canadian Psychological Association, American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology, and Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy.

Sobell is the former president of the Society of Clinical Psychology of the APA and Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. [5] [6]

Education

Sobell earned her Ph.D. in psychology from the University of California at Irvine in 1976 with a dissertation entitled "The validity of self-reports: Towards a predictive model". [7] [8] Before that, she had earned a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Linguistics as a double major in 1970, followed by a Master of Arts in Social Sciences in 1974, all from the University of California at Irvine. [8]

Certifications, Credentials and Licensures

1976–1979 Certified Professional Counselor, Professional Alcohol & Drug Counselors of Tennessee, Certificate No. 119

1977–1980 Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Certificate No. 0 026

1978–1981 Licensed Psychologist, Tennessee. Certificate No. P.645 1981–1997 Registered Psychologist, Ontario (Canada). Certificate No.1478

1996–2014 Fellow, American Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology.

1996–present Board Certified in Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology. Diploma Number 4789, awarded 12/04/96.

1997–present Licensed Psychologist, Florida. License No. PY 0005690.

1999–present MINT (Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers) Trainer.

Awards

for outstanding contributions to knowledge in the field of alcohol studies
for the most outstanding peer-reviewed research paper prevention and control by CDC scientists

Timeline Followback (TLFB)

Sobell began using the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method in her research in the 1970's, publishing evidence of the TLFB's validity and reliability for alcohol use through the 70's and 80's. [14] In 1992, Linda published the user manual describing the approach and validation work for the TLFB as applied to alcohol use patterns [15] Since then, the TLFB has been expanded as an assessment for cannabis, cocaine, smoking, and other substance use behaviors. [16] [17] [18] [19] The TLFB is one of the most highly regarded psychometric methods for obtaining retrospective reports of substance use behaviors. Both the FDA and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction recommend the TLFB for measuring alcohol use. [20] [21]

The TLFB is a semi-structured interview that uses a calendar prompt and other memory aids (e.g., holidays, payday, and other personally relevant dates) to facilitate accurate recall of the number of drinks (or substance use occasions) consumed each day during a given target period (e.g.,7– 28 days). [22] In alcohol clinical trials, the TLFB is administered at baseline (e.g. with a 30- to 90-day recall period) and then multiple times during the treatment period (often weekly, biweekly, or monthly, depending on the length of the trial). [20] A variety of drinking endpoints can be derived from the daily number of drinks captured by the TLFB; these include the FDA-recommended endpoints (percentage of subjects abstinent and the percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days), as well as the new World Health Organization (WHO) risk drinking endpoints, among others (e.g. percent drinking days, percent heavy drinking days, drinks per day, and drinks per drinking day).

Guided Self-Change Treatment Model for Substance Use

Drs. Linda Sobell and Mark Sobell established the Guided Self-Change (GSC) model for treating substance use disorders while working as professors at the University of Toronto, Canada in 1984. The GSC is a brief, motivational cognitive-behavioral harm reduction treatment designed to offer an alternative to abstinent only treatment programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous or 12 steps. [23] [24] The GSC approach has been shown to improve recovery outcomes in several clinical trials and was recognized by the Surgeon General's report on Facing Addiction in America (November 2016) as an appropriate treatment for individuals who have mild alcohol or drug problems. [25] [26]

By the 1970's a considerable amount of research began to appear demonstrating that alcohol problems occurred on a continuum ranging from mild to severe, mild cases of alcohol problems were more prevalent than severe cases, and alcohol problems were not necessarily progressive (i.e., problems did not always worsen without treatment or intervention). [24] [27] [28] [29] At the time, the traditional views held that 'low-severity' alcohol problems were simply in the 'early stages' of an irreversible course to severe 'alcoholism' which required anyone with any alcohol problems to be treated with intensive-inpatient facilities. [28] However, research did not endorse that view or the efficacy of such expensive, disruptive, and intensive treatment programs for all alcohol users which inspired the Sobells to develop a cheaper, briefer, and less disruptive treatment program that more people could benefit from. [28] [30] Drawing from research in England on brief interventions for individuals with alcohol use disorder (Orford & Edwards, 1977; Orford, Oppenheimer, & Edwards, 1976), their own work on 'natural recovery' (i.e., recovery from alcohol use problems without formalized treatment; L. C. Sobell, Sobell, & Toneatto, 1992), and emerging work on motivational interviewing (MI) to change behavior (Miller, 1983), the Sobells started to form a new theoretical and treatment model for alcohol use.

One of the most innovative aspects of the GSC model and treatment program is the incorporation of moderation and harm reduction goals over abstinence only. [28] The research at the time suggested that individuals with alcohol related problems preferred non-abstinence goals and that treatments allowing for moderation would increase their motivation to seek treatment than the abstinence only treatment as usual options of the time. [31] By extension, another important difference of the GSC approach is the conceptualization of 'relapse prevention'. Where abstinent only models treat any post-quit drink as a treatment failure which occur due to a lack of skills, the GSC approach assumes that most people have the skills and resources to achieve a successful outcome (as defined by the client) and the goal of treatment is to mobilize those skills. [28]

According to the Sobells: [28]

"Although GSC is similar to other cognitive-behavioral brief interventions for alcohol problems, it also is unique in several ways. First, GSC explicitly allows clients to choose their goal. Second, it routinely uses self-monitoring logs as a clinical procedure, for data collection, and to provide clients feedback in terms of changes in substance use. Third, it includes a cognitive relapse prevention component to provide a realistic perspective on recovery and management of goal violations. Fourth, it is flexible rather than being fixed in its structure (clients can request additional sessions after basic sessions have been completed). Fifth, it includes a planned after care telephone contact 1 month after the last treatment session. Finally, GSC uses brief readings for its decisional balance and problem-solving components." "The GSC approach has been refined and extended to various populations and settings over the years. However, the following elements have been used in most GSC studies: (a) a motivational interviewing style, (b) provision of personalized feedback, (c) brief readings and homework assignments (e.g., decisional balance, problem solving), (d) self-monitoring of substance use, (e) clients select their own goals (with the exception of clients mandated to treatment), and (f) cognitive relapse prevention."

Guided Self-Change Healthy Lifestyles Program

From the Guided Self-Change Healthy Lifestyles Program Website: [23]

"The Guided Self-Change (GSC) Healthy Lifestyles outpatient program at Nova Southeastern University's (NSU) College of Psychology offers a unique short-term, evidence-based, non-12 step alternative treatment not available elsewhere in Florida. The GSCC program has been recognized in the Surgeon General's report Facing Addiction in America (November 2016) as an appropriate treatment for individuals who have mild alcohol or drug problems. It also is included  the American Psychological Association's (APA) Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology) website listing of Empirically Supported Treatments."

"Services are offered for individuals concerned about their use of alcohol, other drugs (prescribed and non-prescribed), and tobacco products. The program also offers services for individuals who want to develop a healthier lifestyle, lose weight, exercise more, quit smoking cigarettes, quit gambling, deal with sleep difficulties, and reduce internet or video game use. This evidence-based, motivational harm reduction program empowers people to take responsibility for their own change and utilize personal strengths for setting and achieving goals."

Though developed in English, services have since been translated to be administered in Spanish. [23] The number of sessions is variable and is determined by individual needs. [23]

Books

All by Linda Carter Sobell and Mark B. Sobell unless stated:

See also

Related Research Articles

Rational Recovery was a commercial vendor of material related to counseling, guidance, and direct instruction for addiction designed as a direct counterpoint to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and twelve-step programs.

Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence, if present, and stop substance misuse to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused.

Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions, but not dependence.

Gordon Alan Marlatt was a leading American-Canadian clinical psychologist in the field of addictive behaviors from the 1980s through the 2000s. He conducted pioneering research in harm reduction, brief interventions, and relapse prevention.

Motivational therapy is a combination of humanistic treatment and enhanced cognitive-behavioral strategies, designed to treat substance use disorders. It is similar to motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement therapy.

William Richard Miller is an American clinical psychologist, an emeritus distinguished professor of psychology and psychiatry at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. Miller and Stephen Rollnick are the co-founders of motivational interviewing.

The modern disease theory of alcoholism states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the brain, characterized by altered brain structure and function.

Drug addiction recovery groups are voluntary associations of people who share a common desire to overcome their drug addiction. Different groups use different methods, ranging from completely secular to explicitly spiritual. Some programs may advocate a reduction in the use of drugs rather than outright abstention. One survey of members who found active involvement in any addiction recovery group correlates with higher chances of maintaining sobriety. Although there is not a difference in whether group or individual therapy is better for the patient, studies show that any therapy increases positive outcomes for patients with substance use disorder. The survey found group participation increased when the individual members' beliefs matched those of their primary support group. Analysis of the survey results found a significant positive correlation between the religiosity of members and their participation in twelve-step programs and to a lesser level in non-religious SMART Recovery groups, the correlation factor being three times smaller for SMART Recovery than for the twelve-step addiction recovery groups. Religiosity was inversely related to participation in Secular Organizations for Sobriety.

SMART Recovery is an international non-profit organization that provides assistance to individuals seeking abstinence from addiction. SMART stands for Self-Management and Recovery Training. The SMART approach is secular and research-based, using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and non-confrontational motivational methods.

Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward since the 1990s. A gene transcription factor known as ΔFosB has been identified as a necessary common factor involved in both behavioral and drug addictions, which are associated with the same set of neural adaptations in the reward system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substance use disorder</span> Continual use of drugs (including alcohol) despite detrimental consequences

Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences as a result of their use. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that “Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD”. Substance use disorders (SUD) are considered to be a serious mental illness that fluctuates with the age that symptoms first start appearing in an individual, the time during which it exists and the type of substance that is used. It is not uncommon that those who have SUD also have other mental health disorders. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental/emotional, physical, and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt; an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts; operating vehicles while intoxicated; and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are commonly involved in SUD include: alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Addiction</span> Disorder resulting in compulsive behaviours

Addiction is generally a neuropsychological symptom defining pervasive and intense urge to engage in maladaptive behaviors providing immediate sensory rewards, despite their harmful consequences. Dependence is generally an addiction that can involve withdrawal issues. Addictive disorder is a category of mental disorders defining important intensities of addictions or dependences, which induce functional disabilities. There are no agreed definitions on these terms – see section on 'definitions'.

Relapse prevention (RP) is a cognitive-behavioral approach to relapse with the goal of identifying and preventing high-risk situations such as unhealthy substance use, obsessive-compulsive behavior, sexual offending, obesity, and depression. It is an important component in the treatment process for alcohol use disorder, or alcohol dependence. This model founding is attributed to Terence Gorski's 1986 book "Staying Sober."

Community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT) is a behavior therapy approach in psychotherapy for treating addiction developed by Robert J. Meyers in the late 1970s. Meyers worked with Nathan Azrin in the early 1970s whilst he was developing his own community reinforcement approach (CRA) which uses operant conditioning techniques to help people learn to reduce the power of their addictions and enjoy healthy living. Meyers adapted CRA to create CRAFT, which he described as CRA that "works through family members." CRAFT combines CRA with family training to equip concerned significant others (CSOs) of addicts with supportive techniques to encourage their loved ones to begin and continue treatment and provides them with defences against addiction's damaging effects on themselves.

Mark B. Sobell, Ph.D., ABPP, a professor at the College of Psychology of Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, is a specialist in addiction. Dr. Mark Sobell is nationally and internationally known for his research in the addiction field. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association in Divisions 1, 3, 12, 25, 28, and 50, and is Board Certified in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology by the American Board of Professional Psychology. He is the co-director of Healthy Lifestyles: Guided Self-Change at Nova Southeastern University.

The Alcohol Timeline Followback Method (TLFB) is a tool developed in 1970 by Linda Carter Sobell and Mark B. Sobell used to assess an individual's alcohol intake. It evaluates an individual's daily drinking and then provides a report of an individual's drinking pattern. Along with this, it looks at the magnitude and variability of drinking. With the timeline summary, it provides a relatively accurate portrayal of one's drinking.

Guided self-change (GSC) treatment has been accepted by American Psychological Association Division 12, Society of Clinical Psychology, as an empirically supported treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcantonio M. Spada</span> British academic psychologist (born 1970)

Marcantonio M. Spada is an Italian-British academic psychologist who has studied the role of metacognition in addictive behaviours and operationalised the constructs of "desire thinking" and the "COVID-19 anxiety syndrome". He is currently Professor of Addictive Behaviours and Mental Health and Dean of the School of Applied Sciences at London South Bank University. He is also editor-in-chief of Addictive Behaviors and associate editor of Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy.

Jalie A Tucker is a Professor of Health Education and Behavior at the University of Florida. She is known for her research on impulsive and harmful behaviors, such as alcohol and substance use, the effect of the environment on addiction, and natural resolutions to risky behavior including alcohol misuse. She has received numerous awards for excellence in clinical psychology and addiction research, including the 2015 Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Clinical Psychology from the Society of Clinical Psychology. She was honored by APA, Division 50 with the Presidential Award for Service to the Division in 2010 and 2012.

Mary E. Larimer is an American psychologist and academic. Larimer is a professor of psychiatry and Behavioral sciences, Professor or Psychology, and the Director of the Center for the Study of Health & Risk Behaviors at University of Washington (UW). Additionally, she serves as a psychologist at the Psychiatry Clinic at UW Medical Center-Roosevelt.

References

  1. ↑ "Linda Carter Sobell (Nova Southeastern University, Florida) Expertise: Clinical Psychology" . Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae : Linda Carter Sobell" (PDF). Psychology.nova.edu. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  3. ↑ "2014 Dr. Linda C. Sobell – Jellinek Memorial Awards". Jellinekaward.org. January 27, 2015. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Guided Self-Change". Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  5. ↑ "ABCT | Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". www.abct.org. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Past Presidents of Society of Clinical Psychology | Society of Clinical Psychology". div12.org. July 17, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  7. ↑ Sobell, Linda Carter (1976). The validity of self-reports: toward a predictive model (Thesis). OCLC   15382311.
  8. 1 2 Curriculum Vitae: Linda Sobell Retrieved August 23, 2020 https://psychology.nova.edu/common-pdf/faculty/lsobell_cv.pdf
  9. ↑ NSU's Linda Carter Sobell to Receive Betty Ford Award, South Florida Hospital News and Health Care Report, December 2006, Volume 3, Issue 6.
  10. ↑ DR. LINDA CARTER SOBELL RECEIVES JELLINEK MEMORIAL AWARD, Society of Clinical Psychology
  11. ↑ Charles C. Shepard 2018 Science Awards, p 53, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  12. ↑ List of Past Awards Winners, Society of Clinical Psychology of American Psychological Association. Accessed September 26, 2018
  13. ↑ ABCT Awards: ABCT congratulates the 2018 award winners!, Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Accessed September 26, 2018
  14. ↑ SOBELL, LINDA C.; SOBELL, MARK B.; LEO, GLORIA I.; CANCILLA, ANTHONY (April 1988). "Reliability of a Timeline Method: assessing normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations". Addiction. 83 (4): 393–402. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00485.x. ISSN   0965-2140. PMID   3395719.
  15. ↑ Sobell, Linda C.; Sobell, Mark B. (1992), "Timeline Follow-Back", Measuring Alcohol Consumption, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 41–72, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0357-5_3, ISBN   978-1-4612-6723-2
  16. ↑ Brown, Richard A.; Burgess, Ellen S.; Sales, Suzanne D.; Whiteley, Jessica A.; Evans, D. Matthew; Miller, Ivan W. (1998). "Reliability and validity of a smoking timeline follow-back interview". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 12 (2): 101–112. doi:10.1037/0893-164x.12.2.101. ISSN   0893-164X.
  17. ↑ Agrawal, Sangeeta; Sobell, Mark B.; Sobell, Linda Carter (2009), "The Timeline Followback: A Scientifically and Clinically Useful Tool for Assessing Substance Use", Calendar and Time Diary, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 57–68, doi:10.4135/9781412990295.d8, ISBN   978-1-4129-4063-4
  18. ↑ Fals-Stewart, William; O'Farrell, Timothy J.; Freitas, Timothy T.; McFarlin, Susan K.; Rutigliano, Peter (February 2000). "The Timeline Followback reports of psychoactive substance use by drug-abusing patients: Psychometric properties". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68 (1): 134–144. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.134. ISSN   1939-2117. PMID   10710848.
  19. ↑ Robinson, Sean M.; Sobell, Linda Carter; Sobell, Mark B.; Leo, Gloria I. (March 2014). "Reliability of the Timeline Followback for cocaine, cannabis, and cigarette use". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 28 (1): 154–162. doi:10.1037/a0030992. ISSN   1939-1501. PMID   23276315.
  20. 1 2 A Reduction in the World Health Organization (WHO) Risk Levels of Alcohol Consumption as an Efficacy Outcome in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) Clinical Trials https://www.fda.gov/media/131766/download Retrieved on August 23, 2020
  21. ↑ "EMCDDA | Evaluate Your Alcohol Consumption". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  22. ↑ Sobell, Linda C.; Brown, Joanne; Leo, Gloria I.; Sobell, Mark B. (September 1996). "The reliability of the Alcohol Timeline Followback when administered by telephone and by computer". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 42 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(96)01263-x. ISSN   0376-8716. PMID   8889403.
  23. 1 2 3 4 NSU. "Guided Self-Change Clinic". NSU. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  24. 1 2 Sobell, Mark B.; Sobell, Linda Carter (July 2005). "Guided Self-Change Model of Treatment for Substance Use Disorders". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 19 (3): 199–210. doi:10.1891/jcop.2005.19.3.199. ISSN   0889-8391. S2CID   142129644.
  25. ↑ Keane, Helen (February 2018). "Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016 382 pp. online (gre". Drug and Alcohol Review. 37 (2): 282–283. doi:10.1111/dar.12578. ISSN   0959-5236. PMID   29388330.
  26. ↑ Sobell, Linda C.; Cunningham, John A.; Sobell, Mark B.; Agrawal, Sangeeta; Gavin, Douglas R.; Leo, Gloria I.; Singh, Karen N. (November 1996). "Fostering self-change among problem drinkers: A proactive community intervention". Addictive Behaviors. 21 (6): 817–833. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(96)00039-1. ISSN   0306-4603. PMID   8904946.
  27. ↑ Weddington, William W. (May 1994). "Addictive behaviors across the life span: Prevention, treatment and policy issuesJ.S. Baer, G.A. Marlatt, and R.J. McMahon (Eds.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993, $45.00 (hardcover), $22.95 (softcover), 358 pages". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 11 (3): 277–278. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(94)90087-6. ISSN   0740-5472.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sobell, Mark B.; Sobell, Linda C. (1998), "Guiding Self-Change", Treating Addictive Behaviors, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 189–202, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1934-2_14, ISBN   978-0-306-48450-6
  29. ↑ Keeler, Martin H. (July 1978). "EMERGING CONCEPTS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE—by E. Mansell Pattison, Mark B. Sobell, and Linda C. Sobell, with contributors; Springer, New York City, 1977, 369 pages, $18.95". Psychiatric Services. 29 (7): 475. doi:10.1176/ps.29.7.475. ISSN   1075-2730.
  30. ↑ Sobell, Mark B.; Sobell, Linda C. (1978). Behavioral Treatment of Alcohol Problems. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3964-9. ISBN   978-1-4613-3966-3.
  31. ↑ Sobell, Mark B.; Sobell, Linda C. (1982), "Controlled Drinking", Self-Control and Self-Modification of Emotional Behavior, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 143–162, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9260-0_7, ISBN   978-1-4615-9262-4
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