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Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language. In other words,it is how human beings gain the ability to be aware of language,to understand it,and to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
In linguistics and specifically phonology,a phoneme is any set of similar phones that,within a given language,is perceptually regarded as a single distinct sound and helps distinguish one word from another.
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
In linguistics,a distinctive feature is the most basic unit of phonological structure that distinguishes one sound from another within a language. For example,the feature [voice] distinguishes the two bilabial plosives:[p] and [b]. There are many different ways of defining and arranging features into feature systems:some deal with only one language while others are developed to apply to all languages.
In linguistics and social sciences,markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation,one term of an opposition is the broader,dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked;the other,secondary one is marked. In other words,markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.
The sonority sequencing principle (SSP) or sonority sequencing constraint is a phonotactic principle that aims to explain or predict the structure of a syllable in terms of sonority.
Government Phonology (GP) is a theoretical framework of linguistics,and more specifically of phonology. The framework aims to provide a non-arbitrary account for phonological phenomena by replacing the rule component of SPE-type phonology with well-formedness constraints on representations. Thus,it is a non-derivational representation-based framework,and as such,the current representative of Autosegmental Phonology. GP subscribes to the claim that Universal Grammar is composed of a restricted set of universal principles and parameters. As in Noam Chomsky’s principles and parameters approach to syntax,the differences in phonological systems across languages are captured through different combinations of parameter settings.
RenéPaul Victor Kiparsky is a Finnish linguist and professor of linguistics at Stanford University. He is the son of the St. Petersburg (Russia)-born linguist and Baltist/ Slavicist Valentin Kiparsky.
Michael Hammond is an American linguist and professor at the University of Arizona. He was head of the Department of Linguistics from 2001 to 2011. He is the author or editor of six books on a variety of topics from Syntactic Typology,The Phonology of English,to Computational linguistics. He is known for his research on meter and poetics. He has also published more than 40 articles and presented at over 60 conferences on these topics. He serves on the editorial board of several major journals.
Clinical linguistics is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics involved in the description,analysis,and treatment of language disabilities,especially the application of linguistic theory to the field of Speech-Language Pathology. The study of the linguistic aspect of communication disorders is of relevance to a broader understanding of language and linguistic theory.
Jerzy Jan Rubach is a Polish linguist who specializes in phonology. He is a professor of linguistics at the University of Iowa and the University of Warsaw (Poland).
Junko Itō is a Japanese-born American linguist. She is emerita research professor of linguistics at the University of California,Santa Cruz.
Jeroen van de Weijer is a Dutch linguist who teaches phonology,morphology,phonetics,psycholinguistics,historical linguistics and other courses at Shenzhen University,where he is Distinguished Professor of English linguistics at the School of Foreign Languages. Before,he was Full Professor of English Linguistics at Shanghai International Studies University,in the School of English Studies.
In linguistics,optimality theory is a linguistic model proposing that the observed forms of language arise from the optimal satisfaction of conflicting constraints. OT differs from other approaches to phonological analysis,which typically use rules rather than constraints. However,phonological models of representation,such as autosegmental phonology,prosodic phonology,and linear phonology (SPE),are equally compatible with rule-based and constraint-based models. OT views grammars as systems that provide mappings from inputs to outputs;typically,the inputs are conceived of as underlying representations,and the outputs as their surface realizations. It is an approach within the larger framework of generative grammar.
Feature geometry is a phonological theory which represents distinctive features as a structured hierarchy rather than a matrix or a set. Feature geometry grew out of autosegmental phonology,which emphasizes the autonomous nature of distinctive features and the non-uniform relationships among them. Feature geometry recognizes that some sets of features often pattern together in phonological and phonotactic generalizations,while others rarely interact. Feature geometry thus formally encodes groups of features under nodes in a tree:features that commonly pattern together are said to share a parent node,and operations on this set can be encoded as operation on the parent node.
Elisabeth O. Selkirk is a theoretical linguist specializing in phonological theory and the syntax-phonology interface. She is currently a professor emerita in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts,Amherst.
Catherine Ringen is an American phonologist and professor emerita of linguistics at the University of Iowa. She is best known for her research on vowel harmony,especially in Finno-Ugric languages,and on laryngeal contrasts in obstruents,in particular in Germanic languages.
A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory is a 2001 book by John McCarthy in which the author provides a theoretical introduction to optimality theory.
Diana B. Archangeli is an American linguist and Professor at the Department of Linguistics at the University of Arizona.
PHOIBLE is a linguistic database accessible through its website and compiling phonological inventories from primary documents and tertiary databases into a single,easily searchable sample. The 2019 version 2.0 includes 3,020 inventories containing 3,183 segment types found in 2,186 distinct languages. It is edited by Steven Moran,Assistant Professor from the Institute of Biology at the University of Neuchâtel and Daniel McCloy,Researcher at the Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences at the University of Washington.
References
- ↑ Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (1997). "Review of Laryngeal Features and Laryngeal Neutralization". Language. 73 (2): 411–416. doi:10.2307/416037. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 416037.
- ↑ Nevins, Andrew (2003). "Segmental Phonology in Optimality Theory (review)". Language. 79 (4): 811–812. doi:10.1353/lan.2003.0259. ISSN 1535-0665. S2CID 210072861.
- ↑ "linguistics, animals, and writing – Linda Lombardi". Career Linguist. 2015-12-29.
- ↑ "College Professor Turned Zookeeper: 10 Questions For Linda Lombardi | Women's Voices For Change". womensvoicesforchange.org. 2011-10-08.
