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Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electrical power generation, distribution, and use.
The field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons using electronic devices. Electronics uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification and rectification, which distinguishes it from classical electrical engineering, which only uses passive effects such as resistance, capacitance and inductance to control electric current flow.
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave or a triangle wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices ranging from simplest clock generators to digital instruments and complex computers and peripherals etc. Common examples of signals generated by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds produced by electronic beepers and video games.
An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal. It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a signal applied to its input terminals, producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output. The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured by its gain: the ratio of output voltage, current, or power to input. An amplifier is a circuit that has a power gain greater than one.
Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS was an English electrical engineer and physicist who invented the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, designed the radio transmitter with which the first transatlantic radio transmission was made, and also established the right-hand rule used in physics.
Harry Nyquist was a Swedish physicist and electronic engineer who made important contributions to communication theory.
In electronics, impedance matching is the practice of designing the input impedance of an electrical load or the output impedance of its corresponding signal source to maximize the power transfer or minimize signal reflection from the load. A source of electric power such as a generator, amplifier or radio transmitter has a source impedance equivalent to an electrical resistance in series with a frequency-dependent reactance. Likewise, an electrical load such as a light bulb, transmission line or antenna has an impedance equivalent to a resistance in series with a reactance.
A valve amplifier or tube amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that uses vacuum tubes to increase the amplitude or power of a signal. Low to medium power valve amplifiers for frequencies below the microwaves were largely replaced by solid state amplifiers in the 1960s and 1970s. Valve amplifiers can be used for applications such as guitar amplifiers, satellite transponders such as DirecTV and GPS, high quality stereo amplifiers, military applications and very high power radio and UHF television transmitters.
In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver, a wireless, or simply a radio, is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves and converts them to tiny alternating currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired information. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation.
Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system, a transmitter device, driven by electric power from a power source, generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which transmits power across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from the field and supplies it to an electrical load. The technology of wireless power transmission can eliminate the use of the wires and batteries, thus increasing the mobility, convenience, and safety of an electronic device for all users. Wireless power transfer is useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
Hendrik Wade Bode was an American engineer, researcher, inventor, author and scientist, of Dutch ancestry. As a pioneer of modern control theory and electronic telecommunications he revolutionized both the content and methodology of his chosen fields of research. His synergy with Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, laid the foundations for the technological convergence of the information age.
The carbon microphone, also known as carbon button microphone, button microphone, or carbon transmitter, is a type of microphone, a transducer that converts sound to an electrical audio signal. It consists of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon. One plate is very thin and faces toward the speaking person, acting as a diaphragm. Sound waves striking the diaphragm cause it to vibrate, exerting a varying pressure on the granules, which in turn changes the electrical resistance between the plates. Higher pressure lowers the resistance as the granules are pushed closer together. A steady direct current is passed between the plates through the granules. The varying resistance results in a modulation of the current, creating a varying electric current that reproduces the varying pressure of the sound wave. In telephony, this undulating current is directly passed through the telephone wires to the central office. In public address systems it is amplified by an audio amplifier. The frequency response of most carbon microphones, however, are limited to a narrow range, and the device produces significant electrical noise.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.
An amplidyne is an obsolete electromechanical amplifier invented prior to World War II by Ernst Alexanderson. It consists of an electric motor driving a DC generator. The signal to be amplified is applied to the generator's field winding, and its output voltage is an amplified copy of the field current. The amplidyne was used in industry in high power servo and control systems, to amplify low power control signals to control powerful electric motors, for example. It is now mostly obsolete.
Jesse Eugene Russell is an American inventor. He was trained as an electrical engineer at Tennessee State University and Stanford University, and worked in the field of wireless communication for over 20 years. He holds patents and continues to invent and innovate in the emerging area of next generation broadband wireless networks, technologies and services, often referred to as 4G. Russell was inducted into the US National Academy of Engineering for his contributions to the field of wireless communication. He pioneered the field of digital cellular communication in the 1980s through the use of high power linear amplification and low bit rate voice encoding technologies and received a patent in 1992 for his work in the area of digital cellular base station design.
Electronic engineering is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components to design electronic circuits, devices, integrated circuits and their systems. The discipline typically also designs passive electrical components, usually based on printed circuit boards.
The World Wireless System was a turn of the 20th century proposed telecommunications and electrical power delivery system designed by inventor Nikola Tesla based on his theories of using Earth and its atmosphere as electrical conductors. He claimed this system would allow for "the transmission of electric energy without wires" on a global scale as well as point-to-point wireless telecommunications and broadcasting. He made public statements citing two related methods to accomplish this from the mid-1890s on. By the end of 1900 he had convinced banker J. P. Morgan to finance construction of a wireless station based on his ideas intended to transmit messages across the Atlantic to England and to ships at sea. His decision to change the design to include wireless power transmission to better compete with Guglielmo Marconi's new radio based telegraph system was met with Morgan's refusal to fund the changes. The project was abandoned in 1906, never to become operational.
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that feasible with the human voice, but with a similar scale of expediency; thus, slow systems are excluded from the field.
This glossary of electrical and electronics engineering is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related specifically to electrical engineering and electronics engineering. For terms related to engineering in general, see Glossary of engineering.
Nikola Tesla patented the Tesla coil circuit on April 25, 1891. and first publicly demonstrated it May 20, 1891 in his lecture "Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination" before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Columbia College, New York. Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this period, this was the first that contained all the elements of the Tesla coil: high voltage primary transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and air core "oscillation transformer".
References
- ↑ Benjamin F. Shearer (2007). Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans During Wartime. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-313-33421-4 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
He contributed to electrical engineering and system design and received patents for development of transmission networks, transformer systems, electrical wave amplification, and artillery computing.
- ↑ T. K. Sarkar; Robert Mailloux; Arthur A. Oliner; M. Salazar-Palma; Dipak L. Sengupta (30 January 2006). History of Wireless. John Wiley & Sons. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-471-78301-5 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ↑ National Academy of Engineering (1 June 1990). Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering. National Academies Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-309-03939-0 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
During World War II, Bode participated in the development of electrical fire control devices, receiving the Presidential Certificate of Merit in 1948 for his contributions. After the ... During his career at Bell, he was granted twenty-five patents for innovations in the areas of transmission networks, ... systems and a general education course on the management and philosophy of the HENDRIK WADE BODE 52.
- ↑ Allen J. Bard; György Inzelt; Fritz Scholz (2012). Electrochemical Dictionary. Springer. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-3-642-29551-5 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
Bode, Hendrik Wade 75 across the boundary but in practice this exchange is so slow due to an interfacial barrier that it can be ... He received patents for transmission networks, transformer systems, electrical wave amplification, broadband ...
- ↑ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics (1965). Hearings . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
Hendrik Wade Bode, research engineer, was born at Madison, Wis., December 24, 1905. He received his B.A. ... Dr. Bode holds patents in the fields of electric circuit theory and military devices. He is author of a book ... He received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1960.
- ↑ Hendrik Wade Bode (1959). Network analysis and feedback amplifier design. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-88275-242-6 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
Hendrik Wade Bode. We now consider the reactance component in Fig. 16.10. It is obvious that it can be ... The method is given in the author's U. S. Patent No. 2,249,415. It is also possible to remove the pole at infinity. Although this does not ...
- ↑ John W. Leonard; Winfield Scott Downs; M. M. Lewis (1959). Who's who in Engineering. John W. Leonard Corporation. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
Hendrik Wade, Dir. of Research-Physic Sciences, Bell Tel. ... Author: Book, "Network Analysis" a: misc. papers and patents on circuit theory ai military devices.
- ↑ Who was who in America with World Notables. Marquis-Who's Who. 1989. ISBN 9780837902173 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
BODE, HENDRIK WADE, research engineer, educator, b. Madison. Wis., Dec 24, 1905; s. ... and Technological In- oovauoD m the Bdl System: also tech. papers; holder patents in fields electric cir theory, mil. devices. Mem. vinous govt. mil. adv
- ↑ John Arthur Garraty; Mark Christopher Carnes; American Council of Learned Societies (1999). American national biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512782-9 . Retrieved 6 March 2013.
BODE, Hendrik Wade (24 Dec. 1905- ... Bode held a number of patents.
- ↑ Walt Jung (2005). Op Amp Applications Handbook. Newnes. p. 770. ISBN 978-0-7506-7844-5 . Retrieved 7 March 2013.
See also Amplifier:US Patent 2.123.178
- ↑ John R. Koza (1999). Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving : John R.Koza...et Al. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 1084. ISBN 978-1-55860-543-5 . Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Bode, Hendrik W 1931. Transmission Network. U.S. Patent 1,828,454.
- ↑ RCA Review: A Technical Journal ... Radio Corporation of America. 1948. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
1, pp. 17-30, January, 1940. 22 Hendrik W. Bode, United States Patent 2,123,178, July 12, 1938.
- ↑ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). Special Panel on Applied Science and Technological Progress (1967). Presentation of report by Special Panel on Applied Science and Technological Progress of the National Academy of Sciences: Hearing, Ninetieth Congress, first session. May 25, 1967. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
HENDRIK W. BODE Hendrik W. Bode, research engineer, was born in Madison, Wisconsin, December 24, 1905. He earned his B.A, at Ohio ... He holds a number of patents in electric circuit theory and military devices. Dr. Bode received the...
- ↑ He has been granted 25 patents in electrical engineering and systems design, including patents for transmission networks, transformer systems, electrical wave amplification, broadband amplifiers, and artillery computing IEEE website
- ↑ He is the author of Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design (1945), and holds several patents on electrical engineering and systems design. The Harvard Crimson