Related Research Articles
Patois is speech or language that is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. As such, patois can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects or vernaculars, but not commonly to jargon or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant.
Jamaican English, including Jamaican Standard English, is the variety of English native to Jamaica and is the official language of the country. A distinction exists between Jamaican English and Jamaican Patois, though not entirely a sharp distinction so much as a gradual continuum between two extremes. Jamaican English tends to follow British English spelling conventions.
Caribbean English is a set of dialects of the English language which are spoken in the Caribbean and most countries on the Caribbean coasts of Central America and South America. Caribbean English is influenced by, but is distinct to the English-based creole languages spoken in the region. Though dialects of Caribbean English vary structurally and phonetically across the region, all are primarily derived from British English and West African languages. In some countries with a plurality Indian population, such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana, Caribbean English has further been influenced by Hindustani and other South Asian languages.
In Modern English, the word "you" is the second-person pronoun. It is grammatically plural, and was historically used only for the dative case, but in most modern dialects is used for all cases and numbers.
Pickaninny is a pidgin word for a small child, possibly derived from the Portuguese pequenino. It has been used as a racial slur for African American children and a pejorative term for Aboriginal children of the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand. It can also refer to a derogatory caricature of a dark-skinned child of African descent.
Bermudian English is a regional dialect of English found in Bermuda, a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic. Standard English is used in professional settings and in writing, while vernacular Bermudian English is spoken on more casual occasions. The Bermudian dialect began to develop following settlement in the early 17th century and retains traits of Elizabethan English. Bermudian Creole is also spoken in Bermuda, especially among younger Bermudians.
Bajan, or Bajan Creole, is an English-based creole language with West/Central African and British influences spoken on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Bajan is primarily a spoken language, meaning that in general, standard English is used in print, in the media, in the judicial system, in government, and in day-to-day business, while Bajan is reserved for less formal situations, in music, or in social commentary. Ethnologue reports that, as of 2018, 30,000 Barbadians were native English speakers, while 260,000 natively spoke Bajan.
Jamaican Patois is an English-based creole language with influences from West African and other languages, spoken primarily in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora. Words or slang from Jamaican Patois can be heard in other Caribbean countries, the United Kingdom, New York City and Miami in the United States, and Toronto, Canada. The majority of non-English words in Patois derive from the West African Akan language. It is spoken by the majority of Jamaicans as a native language.
Trinidadian English Creole is an English-based creole language commonly spoken throughout the island of Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago. It is distinct from Tobagonian Creole – particularly at the basilectal level – and from other Lesser Antillean English creoles.
Saint Kitts Creole is a dialect of Leeward Caribbean Creole English spoken in Saint Kitts and Nevis by around 40,000 people. Saint Kitts Creole does not have the status of an official language.
Turks and Caicos Creole, or Caicosian Creole, is an English-based creole spoken in the Turks and Caicos Islands, a West Indian British overseas territory in the Lucayan Archipelago.
Cotterwood is a town in Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica. It is at latitude 18° 4' 60" N, Longitude 77° 54' 0" W and at an altitude of 107 metres.
Mervyn Coleridge Alleyne was a sociolinguist, creolist and dialectologist whose work focused on the creole languages of the Caribbean.
Frederic Gomes Cassidy was a Jamaican-born linguist and lexicographer. He was a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and founder of the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) where he was also the chief editor from 1962 until his death. He was an advocate for the Jamaican language and a pioneer of autonomous orthographies for creole languages.
Belizean English is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Belize and by members of the Belizean diaspora.
Igbo people in Jamaica were trafficked by Europeans onto the island between the 18th and 19th centuries as enslaved labour on plantations. Igbo people constituted a large portion of the African population enslaved people in Jamaica. Jamaica received the largest number of enslaved people from the biafra region than anywhere else in the diaspora during the slave trade. Some slave censuses detailed the large number of enslaved Igbo people on various plantations throughout the island on different dates throughout the 18th century. Their presence was a large part in forming Jamaican culture, Igbo cultural influence remains in language, dance, music, folklore, cuisine, religion and mannerisms. In Jamaica the Igbo were often referred to as Eboe or Ibo. There are a substantial number of Igbo language loanwords in Jamaican Patois. Igbo people mostly populated the northwestern section of the island.
Funso Aiyejina was a Nigerian poet, short story writer, playwright and academic. He was Dean of Humanities and Education and Professor Emeritus at the University of the West Indies. His collection of short fiction, The Legend of the Rockhills and Other Stories, won the 2000 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Best First Book (Africa).
Cayman Islands English, also called Caymanian English, is an English variety spoken in the Cayman Islands. Its early development was influenced by Early Modern English, Guinea Coast Creole English, and the Igbo and Twi languages of West Africa. More recent influences include Standard English, Jamaican Patois and African-American Vernacular English. It has been described as both a non-creole and a semi-creole, due to its differences from and similarity to Caribbean Creole languages.
The Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, abbreviated DCEU, is a dictionary of Caribbean English, compiled by the University of the West Indies lecturer, Richard Allsopp, and first published by Oxford University Press in 1996. It is deemed a landmark publication, being the first regional dictionary for the Commonwealth Caribbean.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Cassidy & Page (2002 :4)
- ↑ Allsopp, Richard (1996). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. UWI Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-976-640-145-0.
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :3)
- ↑ Allsopp, Richard (1996). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. UWI Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-976-640-145-0.
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :5)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :6)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 McWhorter (2000 :77)
- 1 2 3 4 Cassidy & Page (2002 :20)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :93)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :155)
- 1 2 Cassidy & Page (2002 :112)
- ↑ Allsopp & Allsopp (2003 :323)
- ↑ Mittelsdorf (1978 :34)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :328)
- ↑ Williams, Joseph John (1933). Voodoos and Obeahs: Phases of West India Witchcraft. Library of Alexandria. p. 90. ISBN 9781465516954.
- 1 2 Eltis & Richardson (1997 :88)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :335)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :18)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :153)
- ↑ Watson (1991 :10)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :14)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :68)
- ↑ Allsopp & Allsopp (2003 :152)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :124)
- 1 2 Graddol, Leith & Swann (1996 :210)
- ↑ Lewis (1996 :24)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :378)
- ↑ Cassidy & Page (2002 :457)