Naga is an umbrella term for several indigenous communities in Northeast India and Upper Burma. The word Naga originated as an exonym. Today, it covers a number of ethnic groups that reside in the Indian states of Nagaland, Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh and also in Myanmar.
Before the arrival of the British, the term "Naga" was used in Assam to refer to certain isolated ethnic groups. The British adopted this term for a number of ethnic groups in the surrounding area, based on loose linguistic and cultural associations. Nagaland became the 16th state on 1 December 1965. S. R. Tohring (2010) lists 66 Naga ethnic groups [1] whereas Kibangwar Jamir (2016) lists 67 ethnic groups. [2] The 1991 Census of India listed 35 Naga groups as Scheduled Tribes: 17 in Nagaland, 15 in Manipur and 3 in Arunachal Pradesh. [3]
Tribe | Country | Recognized as Scheduled Tribe in | Population [4] [5] [6] [7] | Reference for classification as Naga | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anāl | India, Myanmar | Manipur | 23,509 | S.R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Angami | India | Nagaland | 141,732 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Ao | India | Nagaland | 226,625 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Chakhesang | India | Nagaland | 154,874 | ||
Chang | India | Nagaland | 64,226 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Chirr | India | Nagaland | 138 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Chiru | India | Manipur | 8,599 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Chothe | India | Manipur | 3,585 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Inpui | India | Manipur | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | ||
Kharam (also Purum) | India | Manipur | 1,145 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Khiamniungan | Myanmar, India | Nagaland | 61,647 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Also known as Nokow (Noko) in Myanmar. |
Konyak | Myanmar, India | Nagaland | 205,458 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Lamkang | India | Manipur | 7,770 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Lainong | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Also known as Htang ngan | ||
Liangmai | India | Nagaland, Manipur | Part of Zeliangrong | ||
Lotha | India | Nagaland | 173,111 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Makury (sometimes spelt Makuri) | Myanmar, India | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Considered part of Yimkhiung in Nagaland, India | ||
Mao (also Ememei) | India | Manipur | 93,343 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Khrasi ] [8] |
Maram | India | Manipur | 27,524 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Maring | India | Manipur | 26,424 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Monsang | India | Manipur | 2,427 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Moyon | Myanmar, India | Manipur | 2,516 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Moyon Naga. [9] [10] [11] |
Nocte (or Nokte) | India | Arunachal Pradesh | 34,664 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Part of Tangshang Naga. |
Para | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |||
Phom | India | Nagaland | 52,682 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Pochury | India | Nagaland | 21,948 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Poumai | India | Nagaland, Manipur | 127,381 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Rengma | India | Assam, Nagaland | 62,951 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Rongmei | India | Assam, Manipur | 170,800 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Part of Zeliangrong |
Sangtam | India | Nagaland | 74,994 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Sümi (or Sema) | India | Nagaland | 236,313 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Tangkhul | India, Myanmar | Manipur | 178,568 | ||
Tangsa (or Tase in language coding name) | India, Myanmar | Arunachal Pradesh | 15,295 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Known as Tangshang in Myanmar |
Tarao | India | Manipur | 1,066 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Thangal | India | Manipur | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | ||
Tikhir | India | Nagaland | 7,537 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Tutsa | India | Arunachal Pradesh | Robin Tribhuwan, 2005 [12] | It is a sub-tribe of Tangshang Naga. | |
Wancho | India | Arunachal Pradesh | 56,886 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | It is a sub-tribe of Tangshang Naga. |
Yimkhiung | Myanmar, India | Nagaland | 66,972 | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | |
Zeme | India | Nagaland, Assam & Manipur | 74,877 | S.R.Tohring | Part of Zeliangrong Community |
Tribe | Country | State | Reference for classification as Naga | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Khoibu | India | Manipur | Romesh Singh, 2006 [13] | Also considered as a subtribe of Maring |
Hemi (also Haimi) | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Limited scope of former name of Tangshang | |
Pangmi | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Limited scope of former name of Tangshang | |
Muklom | India | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | subtribe of Tangsa/Tangshang Naga | |
Rangpang | India | Arunachal Pradesh | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Limited scope of former name of Tangshang |
Ollo (Lazu) | India | Arunachal Pradesh | Also considered as a sub-tribe of Nocte | |
Koka Naga (Goga) | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | sometimes considered as a subtribe of Somra Tangkhul | |
Longphuri | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Also considered as a subtribe of Makury | |
Makyam (Paung Nyuan) | Myanmar | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Also considered as a subtribe of Khiamniungan Naga | |
Tikhak | India, Myanmar | Arunachal Pradesh | S. R. Tohring, 2010 | Also considered as a subtribe of Tangsa/Tangshang Naga |
Anāl, Maring, Lamkang, Moyon, Monsang, Khoibu
A combination term, Tang from Tangnyu Vang (Wang) and Shang from Shangnyu Vang (Wang) chieftains, which were formerly known as and includes Heimi (Haimi), Pangmi, Rangpang, Tangsa, Wancho, Nocte, and Tutsa now.
Angami, Chakhesang, Mao, Maram, Inpui, Pochury, Poumai, Rengma, Thangal, Zeliang. [14]
Angami: Chakhro Angami, Northern Angami, Southern Angami, Western Angami
Chakhesang: Chokri, Khezha and formerly Pochury (Southern Sangtam) combined [8]
Shepfomei or Shepoumai (Mao–Poumai): Ememei, Lepaona, Chiliivai and Paomata together [8]
Zeliangrong: Zeme, Liangmai and Rongmei together [15]
Nagaland is a landlocked state in the northeastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar (Burma) to the east. Its capital city is Kohima and its largest city is the twin Chümoukedima–Dimapur. The state has an area of 16,579 square kilometres (6,401 sq mi) with a population of 1,980,602 as per the 2011 Census of India, making it one of the smallest states in India.
The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh has a total population of roughly 1.4 million on an area of 84,000 km2, amounting to a population density of about 17 pop./km2 . Much of Arunachal Pradesh is forested. The "indigenous groups" account for about two thirds of population, while immigrants, mostly of Bengali/Hindi belt origin, account for a third.
The Nocte are an ethnic Naga tribe primarily living in Arunachal. They number about 111,679, mainly found in the Patkai hills of Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Ethnically related to the Konyak Naga, their origins can be traced back to the Hukong Valley in Myanmar, where they migrated from between the 1670 and 1700.
The Tangsa or Tangshang in India and Myanmar (Burma) respectively, is a tribe native to Changlang District of Arunachal Pradesh, parts of Tinsukia District of Assam, in north-eastern India, and across the border in Sagaing Region, parts of Kachin State, Myanmar (Burma). The Tangshang in Myanmar were formerly known as Rangpang, Pangmi, and Heimi/Haimi. Tangshang/Tangsa is the largest Naga sub-tribe having an approximate population of 450,000. Their language is called Naga-Tase in the Ethnologue and Tase Naga in the ISO code (ISO639-3:nst). They are a scheduled group under the Indian Constitution and there are many sub-groups within Tangsa on both sides of the border.
Tirap district (Pron:/tɪˈɹæp/) is a district located in the southeastern part of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It shares a state border with Assam, an international border with Myanmar and a district border with Changlang and Longding.
The Nagas are various ethnic groups native to northeastern India and northwestern Myanmar. The groups have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority of population in the Indian states of Nagaland and Manipur and Naga Self-Administered Zone of Myanmar; with significant populations in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India; Sagaing Region and Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma).
South Asian ethnic groups are an ethnolinguistic grouping of the diverse populations of South Asia, including the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. While Afghanistan is variously considered to be part of both Central Asia and South Asia, Afghans are generally not included among South Asians.
The Sangtams are one of the major Naga ethnic group native to Kiphire District of Nagaland, India.
The Tutsa are a Naga tribe living in the western parts of Changlang and Khimiyong circles and the eastern part of Tirap districts of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Ethnically, the Tutsa are closely related to the Tangsa and were classified as members of the Tangsa in all census records until 1981. As of 2001 their population stood at 25,000.
The Naga languages are a geographic and ethnic grouping of languages under the Kuki-Chin-Naga languages, spoken mostly by Naga peoples.
The Zeme people, also known as the Zeme Nagas are the Naga tribe from North Eastern India. Their villages are mostly spread across Peren district in Nagaland; Tamenglong district, Senapati district in Manipur and Dima Hasao district in Assam.
The Kabui people is an indigenous people of Manipur. They are politically categorised as a part of the Naga people of North-East India. They are legally classified as scheduled tribes (STs) under the Constitution of India.
The Konyak languages, or alternatively the Konyakian or Northern Naga languages, is a branch of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by various Naga peoples in southeastern Arunachal Pradesh and northeastern Nagaland states of northeastern India. They are not particularly closely related to other Naga languages spoken further to the south, but rather to other Sal languages such as Jingpho and the Bodo-Garo languages. There are many dialects, and villages even a few kilometers apart frequently have to rely on a separate common language.
Naga nationalism is an ideology that supports the self-determination of the Naga people in India and Myanmar, and the furtherance of Naga culture.
Zeliangrong people are one of the major indigenous Naga communities living in the tri-junction of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland in India. They are the descendants of Nguiba. The term "Zeliangrong" refers to the Zeme, Liangmai and Rongmei Naga tribes combined. Earlier, the term also covered the Inpui tribe. The descendants of Hoi of Makuilongdi (Makhel) were divided and were made peripheral appendages to three political entities - Manipur, Naga Hills (Nagaland) and the Dima Hasao of Assam. The Zeliangrong may be classified as an ethno-cultural entity. The Zeliangrong belong to the larger Southern Mongoloid population and their language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
Jadonang Malangmei (1905-1931) popularly known as Haipou Jadonang was a Naga spiritual leader and political activist from Manipur, British India. He established the Heraka religious movement, which was based on the ancestral Naga religion, and declared himself to be the "messiah king" of the Nagas. His movement was widespread in the Zeliangrong territory before the conversion to Christianity. He also espoused the cause of an independent Naga kingdom, which brought him in conflict with the colonial British rulers of India. He was hanged by the British in 1931, and succeeded by his cousin Rani Gaidinliu.
Rungsung Suisa was an Indian politician. Suisa was one of the key figures in the movement to unite Naga-populated areas in Manipur with the Naga Hills (Nagaland). He was popularly known as 'Uncle Suisa'.
Lui Ngai Ni is the seed-sowing festival celebrated by the Naga tribes of Manipur India. The festival heralds the season of seed sowing and marks the start of the year for the Nagas and the festival was declared a state holiday since 1988.
The hill tribes of Northeast India are hill people, mostly classified as Scheduled Tribes (STs), who live in the Northeast India region. This region has the largest proportion of scheduled tribes in the country.