![]() | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations .(August 2023) |
Total population | |
---|---|
120,000 approx. in Myanmar and 61,647 (2011), Nagaland [1] | |
Languages | |
1 Patsho Khiamniungan 2 Khiamniungan language | |
Religion | |
Approximately 99%[ citation needed ] Christianity and 1% Animism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Naga people |
The Khiamniungans are a Naga ethnic group, with approximately 35% of the population inhabiting in Noklak District in the Northeast Indian state of Nagaland and the rest in the Naga Self-Administered Zone and Hkamti District of Myanmar. [2] They were also called Kalyo-Kengnyu ("slate-house dwellers") during the British Raj. [3]
The origin of the Khiamniungans remains uncertain but the earliest consideration that generally traces back to a place called Khiamnyunga. There are no written records of their history before the British Raj days. However, the only source of information about their ancestors are oral traditions in the form of folktales and myths.
According to a popular myth, Khiamniungan means "source of great waters" - the place from where the early ancestors of Khiamniungan are said to have originated. This place is identified near Lingnyu-Tshüvau villages, under Patsho Range, overlooking from the present-day Patsho and Noklak towns. [4]
Today, the Khiamniungans occupy the easternmost part of India and northwestern part of Myanmar. In India, they are mostly found in Noklak district of Nagaland state and the rest in Naga Self Administered Zone and Hkhamti district of Saigaing Division, Myanmar. The mighty Chindwin river flows through the land of Khiamniungans.They are linked linguistically as well as culturally to the Tibeto-Burman. [5]
During the British Raj, the Khiamniungans were referred to as "kalyo Kenyu", particularly in the works of anthropologists such as Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf. Unlike several other Naga people, the advent of Christianity had little impact on the Khiamniungan for a long time, due to their remote location. The first Khiamniungan to convert to Christianity was Khaming, in 1947. [6] Thereafter, a number of Khiamniungans converted to Christianity. After the coming of the new education system, social system, modernization and Christianity, there have been drastic changes in their social life.
The traditional Khiamniungan village had eight important people: [7]
By the early 1990s, only the Petche, the Sonlang and the Ainloom remained relevant, others being remembered mainly as part of books and oral tradition. [7]
One of the most important social institution in the past was ultimately the Pou (/pɒu³³/ⓘ ), a grand building with a huge Phie(/pʰie³³/ⓘ ) kept inside against the side wall which was primarily the cornerstone and a pivotal institution of the community throughout early times. [8]
The traditional Khiamniungan attires consist of bright red and bright deep blue colored dresses. The ornaments are made of cowries and conch shells. The most notable ones amongst them is Nütsah(/nə³³.tsɑʔ³³/ⓘ ) and Shietsapnie. [9]
The ethnic musical instruments include drums made of gourds and bamboo flutes.
Most of the Khiamniungans in India are acquainted with Patsho Khiamniungan(/pɑ³³.tsʰɒ⁵⁵kʰiɑm³³.ɲu⁵⁵.ŋn⁵⁵/ⓘ ) which is also one of the main languages within their geographical region. [10]
The Khiamniungan people, who traditionally practised jhum cultivation (slash and burn agriculture), celebrate the Miu festival at the time of sowing. They offer prayers for a good harvest. [11]
Tsoukum is the week-long harvest festival of the ethnic group, celebrated in October. The festival includes dancing, singing, cleaning, repair of the roads, and outdoor cooking and eating. In this festival the people invoke god's blessing for a bountiful harvest. [12]
A wordplay or pun is one of the unique cultures of the Khiamniungans since the inception of the villages. Traditionally it was played between villages in the form of competition unlike today's norm of performing for entertainment purposes. [13]
Tuensang District (Pron:/ˌtjuːənˈsæŋ/) is a district in Nagaland, North-East India. Its headquarters is in Tuensang town.
The Sümis are a major Naga ethnic group native to the northeast Indian state of Nagaland. They primarily inhabit the central and southern regions of Nagaland, with significant populations in the Zünheboto and Dimapur districts. Anthropological study of the Sümis is documented in the book The Sema Nagas by J. H. Hutton, who was a Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cambridge. The Sümi people are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe (ST's) by India.
Khiamniungan, also known as Khiamniungan Naga, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Khiamniungan people in Noklak district of Nagaland, easternmost part of India. The location to be bordering Myanmar in the East, Tuensang to the West, Mon to the North, and Kiphire in the South. There are numerous local tongues varied from village to village or to geographical ranges, such as Patsho, Thang, Peshu, Nokhu and Wolam.
The Changs are a Naga ethnic group inhabiting the Northeast Indian state of Nagaland. They were also known as Mazung in British India. Other Naga ethnic groups know the Changs by different names including Changhai (Khiamniungan), Changru (Yimkhiung), Duenching, Machungrr (Ao), Mochumi (Sümi) and Mojung (Konyak).
Noklak District is the 12th district of the Indian state of Nagaland. It was established on January 20, 2021. Noklak, the eponymous town, is the headquarters of the district.
Noklak is the headquarters of Noklak district. The district was officially inaugurated by Nagaland's Chief Minister, Neiphiu Rio on January 20, 2021, and is located in the easternmost part of India. Noklak district is the headquarter of Khiamniungan Nagas in the Indian state of Nagaland.
Patsho (Pathso), a village in North East India, in the state of Nagaland, is situated in Indo-Burma region of Patkai range, towards the east of Mount Khülio-King. It is considered as one of the biggest villages in Noklak district.
Mount Khülio-King( ), alternatively called Khelia King, is the second highest peak in the Indian state of Nagaland. It is one of the highest in Khiamniungan region and lies along the India–Myanmar border in Patkai Range. The peak connects Mount Saramati in the east of Patsho village and south of Noklak. This unexplored mountain is a home to variety of flora and fauna and remains snow capped at the peaks during winter. The terrain is relatively virgin and untouched but a home to rich bio-diversity.
Patsho Khiamniungan is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Noklak district in the state of Nagaland, India.
Tsuikuap of the Khiamniungan is not just singing and dancing but deeply rooted to cultural identity and contains deep meaning. It is done fully dressed with traditional clothing like Ahangküha, spears, Dao, shield etc.
Tsokum is a post-sowing or Pre-harvest festival of the Khiamniungans of Noklak district, in the Indian state of Nagaland. It is celebrated in September each year. This is mainly observed to give thanks to the Almighty Deity for blessing abundant crops and safeguarding the family.
A Nütsah ( ) is a traditional shawl created and woven by Khiamniungans of Noklak district in north-eastern India. The Nütsah, traditionally, could only be worn by the wealthy and warriors who had successfully taken the heads of enemy warriors. In modern times, the right to wear the Nütsah is associated with any male individual in the family as a demonstration of cultural acceptance, signifying ancestral fierceness and a distinctive symbol of the Khiamniungan Naga people.
Wui is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Wui village, Noklak District, Nagaland, India. There are just under 1,000 speakers.
The Patsho range consists of numerous villages in the western part of Noklak district Nagaland, India. It is endowed with distinct culture and abundance of natural resources inherited by the people of Khiamniungan.
Khautsausie is a harvest festival celebrated every January by the Khiamniungans of Noklak district Nagaland state, India. It is alternatively called and spelled Khaozaosie-Hok-Ah, Khaozaosey-hok-ah and sometimes called Khaozaosie..
Yokau village also written as Yokao and Yakhao is located in Panso circle of Noklak district in Nagaland, India. It is situated 13 km away from sub-district headquarter Panso and 56 km away from Tuensang. The language most widely spoken is Patsho Khiamniungan, that of the Patsho people there.
"The Lümuoking Village or Lumoking located in Panso Subdivision, Lumoking population in 2024 is estimated to be 136, According to last census in 2011, 108 People are living in this Village, out of these 46 are males and 62 are females. Population of Lümuoking is 132 in 2023 and 121 inhabitants in 2022. Literate people are 57 out of 27 are male and 30 are female. People living in Lümuoking depend on multiple skills, total workers are 59 out of which men are 24 and women are 35. Total 42 Cultivators are depended on agriculture farming out of 21 are cultivated by men and 21 are women." The language most widely spoken is Patsho Khiamniungan, that of the Patsho people there.
Wui village is located in Thuonoknyu circle of Noklak district in Nagaland, India. It is situated 32 km away from sub-district headquarter Thuonoknyu and 128 km away from district parent headquarter Tuensang. The language most widely spoken is Patsho Khiamniungan, of the Patsho people there.
The Pou ( ) is a building with a huge Phie kept inside against the side wall which was primarily the cornerstone and a pivotal institution of the Khiamniungan community throughout early times. Khiamniungans is a tribe that inhabits the easternmost corner of the Indian state of Nagaland.
In Khiamniungan language the transcription of Christian is called Tuathih. It also means Church. which significantly changed the way people look towards modern culture. But this impact yields positive result towards the middle of 20th century preceded by other Naga tribes.