Lai people

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The Lai people [lower-alpha 1] (also called Pawi people) [1] [lower-alpha 2] mainly inhabit the southern parts of Chin Hills in Myanmar's Chin State, in the townships of Falam, Thantlang and Hakha. [3] They are also found in the Lawngtlai district of Mizoram, India, where they have been granted the Lai Autonomous District Council. Outside this area they are scattered in Mizoram and in Manipur. Their languages "Laizo Lai" and "Hakha Lai" are classified as Central Kuki-Chin languages. [4]

Contents

Demography

The total population of the group was around 1,700,000 in 1991. [5] [ dubious – discuss ] The name Laimi often refers to Chin people who live in the Chin Hills or Central Chin which are Hakha, Thantlang, Falam, etc. [6]

The community is scattered in different parts of the world, mainly concentrating in Mizoram (Khuafo and Thlantlang/Tuichhak Pawih), Chin Hills (Hakha, Thantlang, Webulah, Zokhua, Keiphaw, Falam) of Burma, South Bangladesh (identified as Bawm {Bawmzo, Bawmlai, Panghawi, Ramthar, and Sunthla) .

Chin States

Red region is Chin state Myanmar Regions Chin State.png
Red region is Chin state

Chin state is 13,907 square miles. Border by Sagaing Division to the east, Magway Division to the south-east, Rakhine State to the south, and Mizoram to the west. [6] According to the 2014 Myanmar population and housing census the population of Chin state is about 478,801, 47.95% male, and 52.05% female. [7] Hakha is the capital city of Chin state and there are nine townships: Hakha, Thantlang, Falam, Tiddim, Tonzang, Matupi, Mindat, Kanpalet, and Paletwa. Each township have their own subtribe and there are about 53 subtribes. There are about 45 dialect of the Chin language. [8] Of these, the most widely spoken dialects are estimated and they are: [9]

  1. Zomi 344,000 speakers
  2. Falam Chin an estimated 107,300 speakers
  3. Hakha Chin 125,000 speakers
  4. Matu Chin 100,000 speakers

"Each dialect is so distinct that people who speak different dialects will not likely understand each other". [8]

Ethnic origin

The Lai who are living in the Lai Autonomous District of Mizoram are a segmented community of the much larger Lai population of Burma and elsewhere to whom whatever name may be given. They share common ancestry with many other tribes in Northeast India. Further back, a historic tradition has it that Lai people had once lived in China. They migrated through the Tibetan mountains moving further towards the East to become a major tribal group in the Chin Hills of Burma from where same few came to the present habitat (Mizoram) in the beginning of the 18th century or earlier. They are also considered black, because of there origin and some believe lai were also part black in the early 18 century. Which they are to be considered "Half-Lai and Half-black".

The Lai are also believed to be from the main tree of the Qin Dynasty. It is also said that the word Shendoo or Shendu, which was frequently used to denote the Lakher (Mara) in the British records, were said to be the offspring of Lai. F. Chhawnmanga, a retired District Adult Education Officer, under the State Government of Mizoram, who has conducted an extensive personal interview with some chiefs of Lakher, tells. The Lakher chief Mr. Kilkhara of Saiha and Tawngliana of Serkawr Villages were the descendants of Lianchi and Alkheng respectively of Hlawnchhing family of Hakha. They spoke Lai language. However, after coming down to Mizoram, their names were translated into Lakher dialect and themselves Kikhaw and Thylai. The above arguments seem to be supported by the statement of Vumson, thus: They are the same people as Shendoo to whom Col. Lewin made constant reference in his various works and are still called Shendoo by the Arakanis. There are many common clan names like Hlawnchhing, Chinzah, Khenglawt, Thianhlun, etc. which are found between the Lai and Maras. This is an indication of the fact that Lai and Mara were the same people. Apart from the above-mentioned groups, there are other linguistic groups that were found to have the same culture and customs, speak a similar language with the Lai. These groups do qualify for Lai in terms of social, cultural and linguistic. Those groups are Bawm and Tlanglau living in the western part of Mizoram and Bangladesh.

Subtribes

There are many tribes among the Chin people which includes Laimi, Matu, Asho, Cho (Sho), Khuami (M'ro), lusei (Lushai), Kuki (Thadou) and Zomi . In each of these tribe group there are many sub-tribes groups. The sub-tribes of Laimi are: Laizo, Khuangli, Khualsim, Zahau, Zanngiat, Lente, Ngawn, Tlanglau, Dawn, Thlanrawn, Tlaisun, Hauhulh, Zokhua, Simhrin, Mi-E, Thawr (Torr), Bawmzo, and Pawih. [6]

Culture

Chin National Day

Chin National day is celebrated each year on 20 February to commemorate the "General Assembly of Chinland" held in 1948. [10] The first Chin National day was held on 20 February 1951 in Mindat Town and was attended by U Nu, the first Prime Minister. [11] During the holiday, people from different ethic group display Rua Khua Tlak (bamboo dance), Khuang Cawi (lifting of decorative bamboo lifter), Sarlam (dance of the conquest), Rallu lam (Mizo dance) and many other dances and events. Some of the big events are fashion show, Miss competition and Laipaih (wrestling). The strongest laipaih or Chin wrestler from this generation is Rung Lian Ceu, he was from Chuncung town, and he is currently living in the United States. [12]

Clothing

There are many different traditional clothing such as Matu, Hakha, Htantlang, Falam, Zophei, Zotung, Zo, Mindat etc. Every kind is uniquely colorful and different. Most traditional dresses’ colors are black and red. There are also accessories that are usually worn with the clothing such as necklaces, bracelets and hairpins. Chin people or Laimi do not wear them on a daily basis. They wear these traditional clothing on special occasions such as Chin National Day, Sundays, Christmas and wedding. [13]

Greeting

The normal handshake is a common greeting in Chin cultures

Sports

The most common sports for the Laimi are soccer (football), volleyball, and wrestling.

Religion

The first Christian missionaries were Arthur Carson and his wife Laura arrived Hakha on 15 March 1899. Today, the majority of Chin are Christian.

Religion in Chin (2014) [14] %
Christian85.4%
Buddhist13.0%
Animist0.4%
Islam1.1%
Other religion1.1%

Notes

  1. ↑ Also called "Laizo" and "Laimi".
  2. ↑ Alternative spelling: Poi people. [2]

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The Lai languages or Pawih/Pawi languages are various Central Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages spoken by the Lai people or Pawi. They include “ Laiṭong” (Falam-Chin) spoken in Falam district, Laiholh (Hakha-Chin) spoken around the Haka (Hakha/Halkha) capital of Chin State in Burma (Myanmar) and in the Lawngtlai district of Mizoram, India. In Bangladesh, a related language is spoken by the Bawm people. Other Lai languages are Mi-E, and the Zokhua dialect of Hakha Lai spoken in Zokhua village.

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The Zanniat tribe are people of western Myanmar (Burma) who are a sub-group of the Chin peoples. The Zanniat tribe has fifty-seven sub-groupings and clans. The group's existence was recorded in Burma's 1931 census after being absent in the Chin Hills gazette of 1896. In 1943, the Zanniat tribal groups of eastern Falam Township were recorded by Henry Stevenson. The Zanniat may also be known by similar sounding names such as Zahnyiet, Zanniet, Zanngiat and Zannaing.

The Tashons people are ethnic tribes that live in the Falam Township, in the central part of Chin State, Myanmar. The Tashons were the most powerful tribes in the north of the Chin Hills prior to the British Empire's annexation of the region. Their influence extended over the borders of Manipur in the north, Hualngo and Lusai Hills in the west, the Phau River in the south and the Kalay-Kabaw Valley and Zanniat land in the east. They practiced a democratic system where the position of Chief was attained not by the virtue of birth but by vote of the people. The Tashons tribe and their villages were ruled by the Fahlam Council or Tashon Democratic Council, locally known as Nam Kap. The Tashons people have their own language, customs and culture.

References

  1. ↑ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), pp. 15–16.
  2. ↑ Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 32.
  3. ↑ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), pp. 15–16: "The Hakas, Thantlangs, Zokhua, Thettas, Kapis and so forth populated the Haka area. The Hakas and the Thantlangs called themselves Lai/Laimi, and they are similar to the Shindu/Shendu/Mara/Lakher of the British records from the Chittagong and Arakan Hill Tracts.".
  4. ↑ Thurgood, Graham (2016), "Sino-Tibetan: Genetic and Areal Subgroups", in Graham Thurgood; Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages (2 ed.), Taylor & Francis, p. 22, ISBN   9781315399492
  5. ↑ Lalthangliana, B.: History and Culture of Mizo in India, Burma and Bangladesh, 2001. RTM Press. Aizawl. pp. 101–102.
  6. 1 2 3 ""We Are Like Forgotten People" | The Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India". Human Rights Watch. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  7. ↑ yi, H.E. U Khun (May 2015). "The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Myanmar.unfpa.org. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  8. 1 2 "Chin Cultural Profile – EthnoMed". ethnomed.org. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  9. ↑ "Burmese and Chin Languages". help.daytranslations.com. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  10. ↑ "CHIN IDENTITY AND CHIN NATIONAL DAY – Chin Community in Norway" . Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  11. ↑ "How Came Our Chin National Day (February 20, 1948) ~ Khup Khan Thang". ZOMI DAILY. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  12. ↑ "Rung Lian Ceu Thawnnak". 7 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2020– via YouTube.
  13. ↑ Peacock, Andrew. "The Chin - A Cultural Profile". storage.cloversites.com. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  14. ↑ Swe, Thein (July 2016). "The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Myanmar.unfpa.org. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

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