 Hmar shawl | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| India [1] | |
| Languages | |
| Hmar language | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mizo people |
Hmar people are a scheduled tribe ethnic group [2] [3] from the states of Manipur, [4] [5] Mizoram, [6] Assam, [7] and Meghalaya [8] in Northeast India. They use the Hmar language as their primary language.
According to the 2011 Indian Census, there were 98,988 Hmar speakers (as first language). [9] The Hmar population itself (including, Hmar people who speak Mizo language as their first language) roughly stands at 200,000-300,000. [10] Several critics and scholars point out that a significant population of the Hmar people are fully 'Mizonised' in Mizoram, hence do not reflect as "Hmar tribe" population, rather as "Any Mizo tribes" in Census reports.
Hmar people use the Hmar language, which closely resembles the Mizo language and uses the Roman script. [11] The script was introduced by British missionaries, including 'Pu Buanga' (James Herbert Lorrain), during the colonial era in India and is locally known as the 'A Aw B.' [12] Hmar language is within the Tibeto-Burman stock of languages. [13]
The majority of the Hmar people practice Christianity. [14] They were Christianized by Welsh missionaries in the 1910s (specifically at Senvawn village).
The Hmar people believe Sinlung to be their ancestral origin. [15]
| Name | Notes |
|---|---|
| HT Sangliana | Indian Cop and former Lok Sabha MP. A South Indian movie, Sangliyana, was made in honor of him. |
| Robert Romawia Royte | MLA from Mizoram and owner of Aizawl FC. |
| Ngurdinglien Sanate | Former Minister from Manipur. |
| Lalnghinglova Hmar | Current Minister of State (Sports) and MLA from Mizoram. |
| Ngursanglur Sanate | Current MLA from Manipur. |
| Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl | Politician from Tripura. |
| Pachhunga | First President of the Mizo Union. |
| Chaltonlien Amo | Former Minister from Manipur. [16] [17] |
| Lalmuanpuia Punte | Current Political Advisor [18] [19] to Lalduhoma and MLA, Mizoram. |
| K. Sapdanga | Current Deputy Chief minister, Mizoram. |
| M Keivom | an Ambassador of India. |
| Name | Contribution(s) |
|---|---|
| Lalremsiami | India women's national field hockey team player |
| Marina Lalramnghaki Hmar | India women's national field hockey team player |
| David Lalhlansanga | India national football team member |
| Alfred Lalroutsang | youngest ever player to play in the Indian Super League at the age of 16 years. |
| Lalrinliana Hnamte | Indian professional footballer. |
| Lalvarmoi Hmar | Indian professional footballer. |
| Lalram Luaha | Indian professional footballer |
| Hmar Zothanchhunga | Indian professional cricketer. |
| Name | Notes |
|---|---|
| Rochunga Pudaite | Included the Hmar people, Anāl people, and many others as one of the Schedule Tribes of India, 1956, and the founder of Bibles for the World. [20] |
| Lal Dena | Manipur historian. |
| Lalthlamuong Keivom | Former Indian diplomat and writer of Zoram Khawvel series. |
| Zirsangzela Hnamte | Author. |
| Lallukhum Fimate | Former Director, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences [21] and Zoram Medical College. [22] |
| Name | Notes |
|---|---|
| Mami Varte | Singer |
| Esther Hnamte | Singer |
| Lalruotmawi | Singer |
| Buonglienkung | Composer |
| Thangngur | Composer |
| Lienrum | Composer |
| Ruolngul | Faiheng | Tlau | Fatlei |
| Banzang | Sinate | Famhawite (Famhoite) | Chonghmunte |
| Lamchangte | Sanate |
| Saivate | Khawral | Khawkheng | Tuollai |
| Tuimuol | Bapui | Tusing | Khawlum |
| Sekong | Seling | Thlangnung | Salhmar |
| Dulien | Aimuol | Khawhrang | Sote |
| Thanghnieng |
| Sanate | Saingur | Zallien | Bungran |
| Chiluon | Singa | Tuolthla | Para Thla |
| Pusingathla | Saidangthla |
| Ponatu | Phuoitong | Dumker | Cholkha |
| Lungen | Thlaute | Midang | Leidir |
| Suokling | Chunthang | Lozun | Pieltel |
| Milai | Rawlsim | Khintung | Zahrin |
| Fenate (Fente) | Pangamte | Pazamte | Riengsete |
| Laising | Muolphei | Phunte (Punte) | Bunglung |
| Sierthlang | Siersak |
| Hrangchal | Laiasung | Sielasung | Darasung |
| Tungte | Sungte | Suomte | Tlawmte |
| Chawnsim |
| Pieltu | Sawrte | Buite | Arro |
| Zate | Aite | Hnungte | Seldo |
| Pusiete | Chuonkhup | Singphun | Hriler |
| Chawnghau | Chawngvawr | Buonsuong | Chawngtuol |
| Barkhawlai | Tlangte | Parate | Saihmang (Saiate, Sailung, Saite) |
| Ngaiate | Chawnhnieng | Darte | Darkhawlai |
| Vaithang | Thangsuok | Maubuk | Hrangngam |
| Hrangdo | Hrangate | Chawngsieksim | Ngaite (Hauler, Tlurha, Saichawnkhup, Sailientuol) |
| Hmangte | Chante (Chamte) | Hrangsote | Parate (Bualthang, Khawtial, Rualngai, Zani) |
| Neingaite | Puruolte | Pudaite | Pulamte |
| Puhnuongte | Thlandar |
| Zilchung | Zilhmang | Ngulthuom | Ngaithuom |
| Hrawte | Hranhnieng | Chaileng | Thangngen |
| Kellu | Armei |
| Athu | Amaw (Amo) | Tuolor | Thilsong |
| Buhril | Hekte | Ralsun | Chawnghekte |
| Thluchung (TC) | Kungate | Selate | Tuolte |
| Ṭaite | Hnamte | Kangbur | Khawzawl |
| Lalum | Laldau | Saibung | Vankal |
| Pangote | Pangulte | Khawbuol | Pakhumate |
| Khumthur | Khumsen | Thlihran | Tamte |
| Hmante | Chawnnel | Zate |
| Mihriemate | Songate | Infimate (Fimate) | Nungate |
| Intoate | Lungchuong | Inbuon | Pasulate |
| Keivawm (Keivom) | Tamhrang | Sielhnam | Theisiekate |
| Thlawngate | Khumsen | Khumthur | Sunate |
| Name | Picture | Original Designer |
|---|---|---|
| Hmarpuon | | Fimneizo |
| Thangsuopuon | ||
| Ngoteker | ||
| Puonlaisen | ||
| Hmaram |
The Hmar language(Northern Mizo) belongs to the Mizo language branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of this language use Mizo language as their second language (L2).
The Mizo people, historically known as the Lushais, are an ethnic group native to the state of Mizoram in India and neighbouring states of Northeast India. They speak the Tibeto-Burman language of Mizo, the official language and lingua franca of Mizoram. The state is the second most literate state in India, at more than a rate of 90%.
Churachandpur District, is one of the 16 districts of the Indian state of Manipur populated mainly by Kuki-Zo people. The name honours former Maharaja Sir Churachand Singh of Manipur. The district headquarters is located in the Churachandpur town, which is also locally known by the name Lamka.
The Hrangkhawls are the subtribe of the Hmars and they speak the Hrangkhawl dialect of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Though the majority of the Hmars speak the lingua-franca of the Hmar i.e Khawsak țawng/Literary Hmar, many of the 20+ Hmar subtribes(such as Faihriem țawng, Leiri țawng,Țhiek țawng, Zote țawng, Darngawn țawng, etc)also speak their own dialect just like the Hrangkhawls.In the history of the Hmars specifically around the 15th century AD, the Hmar subtribes were united by Rêngpui(Great king/great ruler;title) Chawnhmang Buhril who placed 6 Rêngtes(Lesser/smaller rulers;title) who were effectively regional rulers and also had village chiefs and so under them. Here, in this era the northern regional ruler was Demlukim Hrangkhawl who ruled from Mawmrang village in present day Saitual district of Mizoram, and by the late stages of Rêngpui Chawnhmang's reign, it was recorded that he gave all his Rêngtes royal gifts before he departed for Tripura.For Rêngte Demlukim Hrangkhawl, the Rêngpui gave him a pinto/spotted horse and after that, taking many of his Hrangkhawl and Darlawng subjects, he migrated to Tripura. This is also the reason why Tripura is known to the Hmars(Mizos) as "Rêngram"(Land of the Rêng/Ruler). They are listed as one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Indian state Tripura. Archived 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine They are mainly dwelling in the Teliamura sub-division of West Tripura and the Ambassa sub-division of Dhalai Archived 2023-10-03 at the Wayback Machine districts. The Hrangkhawls are also found in the North Cachar Hills of Dima Hasao district, Assam, Mizoram, Manipur and Myanmar.
Tipaimukh Sub-Division is located in south-western hilly region of Manipur bordering the Indian state of Mizoram. It is one of the six tribal development blocks of Churachandpur district in Manipur state. Parbung is the sub-divisional block headquarters. The total geographic area of the sub-division block is 789.48 km², having 55 villages with the total population of 23,995 approx. The total number of voters is 18,848. The total distance from the Parbung to the district headquarters town of Churachandpur is 247 km through the Tipaimukh Road, also known as NH 150.
Sinlung is the supposed 'ancestral origin' of the Hmar people, the Chin people, etc. The exact location is unknown, but it is believed somewhere in southern China. Several narratives of Sinlung have been 'enshrined' largely in Hmar folklore, such as the Sikpui Hla.
Rochunga Pudaite was an Indian minister of Hmar descent. He translated the Bible into the Hmar language and founded Bibles for the World. He was a renowned speaker and an evangelist. His organisation, Bibles for the World, has allowed distribution of the Christian Bible to millions of people around the world, by mailing them Bibles in their languages.
Zo is a Northern Kuki-Chin-Mizo language originating in western Burma and spoken also in Mizoram and Manipur in northeastern India.
Imphal Free Press is an English-language daily published in Manipur, India. Alongside the Sangai Express, it is one of the two most widely read newspapers of Manipur. It is considered as one of the "good quality" newspapers, among approximately 40 papers in the state of Manipur.
Churachandpur, locally known as Lamka is the second largest town in the Indian state of Manipur and the district headquarters of the Churachandpur District. The name "Churachandpur" was transferred from the earlier headquarters of the district at Songpi to the present location, and honours Churachand Singh, former maharaja of the Manipur princely state. The local people reject the name as a colonial imposition and prefer using the native name "Lamka".
The Hmar People's Convention (HPC) was established as a political party in December 1986. The organisation was converted from the previous organisation Mizoram Hmar Association.
The Zo people is a term to denote the ethnolinguistically related speakers of the Kuki-Chin languages who primarily inhabit northeastern India, western Myanmar, and southeastern Bangladesh.
The Biates are an ethnic hill tribe of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura and Manipur. Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family. Spread over many parts of North-East India, they have a unique identity with a rich and distinctive history, culture, dialect and religious heritages. They are one of the oldest hill tribes of North East India especially among the Chin-Kuki-Mizo people. The term Biate comes from the word Bia-te. The word ‘Bia’ or ‘Biak’ means ‘speak’ or ‘worship’. ‘Te’ is a suffix denoting plurality. Hence, the two words combine to form the word Biate, which means worshipper.
National Highway 2 is a national highway in India that runs from Dibrugarh in Assam to Tuipang in Mizoram. This national highway passes through the Indian states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. This national highway is 1,325.6 km (823.7 mi) long. Before renumbering of national highways, NH-2 was variously numbered as old national highways 37, 61, 39, 150 and 54.
Watkin R. Roberts was a Welsh missionary responsible for the initial Christian converts among the Hmar and other sister tribes in the Churachandpur district and Pherzawl districtof Southern Manipur, India. His ministry there touched the family of Rochunga Pudaite who ultimately developed a script for the tribal language with which Pudaite translated the New Testament.
Pherzawl district is located in the southern part of the state of Manipur. It is bounded on the east by Churachandpur District; on the north by Tamenglong District, Noney District and Jiribam district; on the west by the Cachar District of Assam and on the South by Sinlung Hills, Mizoram. Pherzawl District has approximately 200 villages.
Jiribam District is a district at the western periphery state of Manipur, India. It borders the Cachar district of Assam on the west, and serves as the western gateway for Manipur. Formerly a subdivision of the Imphal East district, it was made an independent district in December 2016.
Lal Dena is a historian of modern South Asia with special interest in Manipur and Mizoram. He is a retired professor of Manipur University and the former Vice Chancellor of Sangai International University, Churachandpur. He is from the Hmar tribe.
Senvawn is a Hmar village in Pherzawl district, Northeast India and is attributed to be the 'birthplace' of Christianity in Southern Manipur. The initial Christian converts among the Hmar and other sister tribes was made by a Welsh missionary Watkin Roberts in 1910. Senvon is also the 8th District Council Constituency (DCC) in the Churachandpur Autonomous District Council. According to the 2011 census, Senvawn holds 498 households
The Hmar Ethnic Cultural Sites are a series of ethno-cultural sites of the Hmar people. These sites are located within Pherzawl district, Manipur, India. Popular sites include Sikpuilung, Thangngur Tawngtaina Puk, Zawllung, Lungthu Lien Pathum, Paruol Pasari Lungtat, Lalruong Lungkap and others.
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