The Russian language has a large number of euphemisms and synonyms for the verb "to die".
In the satirical picaresque novel Twelve Chairs by Ilf and Petrov the coffinmaker Bezenchuk gives Ippolit Matveyevich Vorobyaninov the following classification of references to death depending on the persona of the deceased. Below is the table "Deceased persona / Russian term / Literal translation / Translation by Anne O. Fisher, 2011 [8] / Translation by John H.C. Richardson, 1973 [9] ":
Persona | Russian term | Literal translation | Fisher | Richardson |
---|---|---|---|---|
Old lady, small and plump | преставилась | [lower-alpha 1] | departed this life | pass away |
Old lady, tall and thin | богу душу отдает | gives her soul to God | gave up her soul to God | departed this life |
Ippolit Matveyevich, by the virtue of him being tall, skinny, and prominent | в ящик сыграл | Played into the box | cashed in his chips | popped off |
merchant, of merchant sosloviye | приказал долго жить | "ordered to live long" [11] | meet his Maker | breathe his last |
of lesser class: street sweeper or peasant | перекинулся or ноги протянул | "transformed"/"moved over" or "stretched his legs" | kicked the bucket or stretched out his legs for good | croaked or gone west |
Man of stature, such as a railway conductor or a person of authority | дуба дал | [lower-alpha 2] | gave up the ghost | kicked the bucket |
Bezenchuk himself, being a little man | гигнулся | unknown etymology | fizzled | gone |
Russian grammar employs an Indo-European inflexional structure, with considerable adaptation.
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