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The following is an alphabetical (according to Hindi's alphabet) list of Sanskrit and Persian roots, stems, prefixes, and suffixes commonly used in Hindi.
| Root | English Equivalent | Origin language | Etymology | Hindi examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| अग्नि- (agni-) | pyro-, ignite(Latin)- | Sanskrit | अग्नि (fire) | अग्निशामक (agniśāmak) = fire extinguisher; अग्निरोधक (agnirōdhak) = fire-proof; अग्निभीति (agnibhīti) = pyrophobia |
| -अणु (-aṇu) | Sanskrit | अणु (minute, particle, atomic) | प्राणु (prāṇu) = proton; धनाणु (dhanāṇu) = positron; विषाणु (viṣāṇu) = virus | |
| अति- (ati-) | super- | Sanskrit | अति (extremely, beyond, over) | अतिकाल (atikāl) = delay |
| अधि- (adhi-) | epi-, meta- | Sanskrit | अधि (over, above, upon, after) | अधिकार (adhikār) = rights, authority |
| अन- (an-), अ- (a-) | non-, un-, a-, an- | Sanskrit | अन-, अ- (not, without) | अकारण (akāraṇ) = causeless, unprovoked; अनादर (anaadar) = disrespect |
| अनु- (anu-) | Sanskrit | अनु (along, orderly, accordingly) | अनुक्रम (anukram) = sequence | |
| अम्ल- (aml-) | acid- | Sanskrit | अम्ल (acid) | अम्लप्रेमी(amlapremī) = acidophile |
| अप- (ap-) | ab- | Sanskrit | अप (away, off) | अपमान (apmān) = insult |
| अभि- (abhi-) | ambi-/ἀμφί- | Sanskrit | अभि (to, towards, into, over, upon) | अभिज्ञान (abhijñyān) = recognition, identification |
| -अर्बुद (arbud) | -oma, onco- | Sanskrit | अर्बुद (tumor, swelling) | लसीकार्बुद (lasīkārbud) = lymphoma; अर्बुदविज्ञान (arbudvijñān) = oncology |
| अव- (av-) | Sanskrit | अव (down, off, away) | अवरोध (avarodh) = barrier, inhibition; अवगुण (avguṇ) = failing, fault, demerit | |
| अर्ध- (ardha-) | semi-, demi-, | Sanskrit | अर्ध (half) | अर्धचालक (ardhachālak) = semiconductor; अर्धपारगम्य (ardhapārgamya) = semipermeable |
| आत्म- (ātma-) | auto-, self- | Sanskrit | आत्मा (self) | आत्महत्या (ātmahatyā) = suicide; आत्मज्ञान (ātmajñān) = self-knowledge; आत्मकथा (ātmakathā) = autobiography |
| अष्ट- (aṣṭa-) | octo- | Sanskrit | अष्ट (eight) | अष्टकोण (aṣṭakōṇ) = octagon; अष्टपदी (aṣṭapadī) = octave; अष्टभुज (aṣṭabhuj) = octopus |
| -आना (-ānā) | Adjective-forming. -ish, -ous, -ly. | Persian | انه (âneh) | दोस्ताना (dostānā) = friendly; फ़क़ीराना (faqīrānā) = austere, ascetic. |
| आप-/अप- (aap-/ap-) | aqua- | Sanskrit | आप (water) | अप्सरा; अब्ज |
| आब- (aab-) | aqua- | Persian | آب (aab) (water) | आबखोरा (ābkhorā) = mug, pot; आबहवा (ābhavā) = climate; पंजाब (Panjāb) = Punjab (Land of five Rivers) |
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| उद- (ud-) | hydro- | Sanskrit | उद (water) | उदजन (udjan) = hydrogen |
| उभय- (ubhaya-) | ambi-, amphi- | Sanskrit | उभय (both) | उभयभावी (ubhayabhāvī) = ambivalent; उभयलिंगी (ubhayalingī) = bisexual; उभयचर (ubhayachar) = amphibian |
| उप- (up-) | sub- | Sanskrit | उप (below, subsidiary, towards) | उपवन (upvan) = orchard, park; उपमार्ग (upmārg) = bypass, side street; उपमहाद्वीप (upmahādvīp) = subcontinent |
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| एक- (ek-) | uni-, mono- | Sanskrit | एक (one) | एकभाषी (ekbhāṣī) = monolingual; एकपक्षीय (ekpakśīya) = unilateral; एकवर्णी (ekvarnī) = monochromatic |
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| अंतः- (antaḥ-) | inter-, endo- | Sanskrit | अंतः (in, inside) | अंतःकरण (antaḥkaraṇ) = conscience |
| अंतर- (antar-) | inter- | Sanskrit | अंतर् (in the middle, internal, amongst, within) | अंतर्राष्ट्रीय (antarrāṣtrīya) = international |
| अंश- (amś-) | Sanskrit | अंश (part, portion) | अंशकालिक (amśakālik) = part-time; अंशांकन (amśānkan) = calibration | |
| कम- (kam-) | min- | Persian | کم (kam) (low, little, small) | कमज़ोर (kamzor) = weak |
| कठ- (kath-), काठ- (kāth-) | xylo- | Sanskrit | काष्ठ (kāṣth) (timber, wood) | कठफोड़वा (kathphodvā) = woodpecker ; काठमांडू (kāthmānḍū) = Kathmandu |
| काष्ठ- (kāṣt-) | xylo- | Sanskrit | काष्ठ (timber, wood) | काष्ठवाद्य (kāṣthavādya) = xylophone, काष्ठशर्करा (kāṣṭhaśarkarā) = xylose |
| -काय (-kāya) | -some, -soma | Sanskrit | काय (Body) | लयनकाय (layankāya) = lysosome; कायिक (kāyik) = somatic |
| -कोण (-koṇa) | -gon | Sanskrit | कोण (corner, angle) | त्रिकोण (trikoṇa) = triangle; षट्कोण (ṣaṭkoṇa) = hexagon |
| ख़ुद- (khud-) | auto-, sui- | Persian | خود (xod) (self, own, ego) | ख़ुदग़रज़ी (khudgarzī) = selfishness |
| ख़ुश- (khuś-) | good-, eu- | Persian | خوش (xoš) (good) | ख़ुशनसीब (khuśnasīb) = fortunate; ख़ुशफ़हमी (khuśfahmī) = fantasy (lit. good understanding) |
| ख़ून- (khụn-) | Persian | خون (xun) (blood, gore) | ख़ूँखार(khūnkhār) = bloodthirsty | |
| गाव- (gaav-) | Persian | گاو (gaav) (cow) | गावशुमारी (gaavśumārī) = cow census | |
| गो- (go-) | Sanskrit | गो (cow) | गोविन्द (govind) = cow herder | |
| ग़ैर- (ġair-) | non- | Arabic | غير (ghayr) (non-, un-) | ग़ैरमुल्की (ġairmulkī) = foreigner, non-native |
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| चल- (chal-) | Sanskrit | चल (moving) | चलचित्र (chalchitra) = movie, motion picture | |
| चित्र- (chitra-) | Sanskrit | चित्र (picture) | चित्रयंत्र (citrayantra) = camera | |
| छद्म- (chhadm-) | pseudo- | Sanskrit | छद्म (deceptive) | छद्मावरण (chhadmāvaraṇ) = camouflage |
| -जन (-jan) | -gen | Sanskrit | जन (generating) | उदजन (Udjan) = Hydrogen; तुषारजन (Tuṣārjan) = cryogen |
| जल- (jal-) | aqua- | Sanskrit | जल (water) | जलसेतु (jalsetu) = aqueduct |
| जीव- (jīva-) | bio- | Sanskrit | जीव (life, living) | जीवविज्ञान (jīvavijñān) = biology; जीवतत्व (jīvatatva) = physiology; जीवाणु (jīvānu) = bacteria |
| जन- (jan-) | Sanskrit | जन (people) | जनगणना (jangaṇanā) = census; जनसंख्या (jansankhyā) = population; जनरञ्जक (janrañjak) = popular | |
| -ज़दा (-zadā) | Adjective forming, denoting "stricken, afflicted" | Persian | زده (beaten, hit) | मुसीबतज़दा = (musībatzadā) = disaster-stricken; हैरतज़दा = (hairatzadā) = awestruck |
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| ताप- (tāp-) | Sanskrit | ताप (heat, fever) | तापमान (tāpmān) = temperature | |
| तारा- (tārā-) | stell- | Sanskrit | तारा (star) | तारामीन (tārāmīn) = starfish |
| तुषार- (tuṣār) | cryo- | Sanskrit | तुषार (cold, ice, frigid) | तुषाराच्छादन (tuṣārācchādan) = frosting |
| तृण- (tṛiṇ) | Sanskrit | तृण (grass, straw, herb) | तृणमणि (tṛiṇmaṇi) = amber | |
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| दंश- (danś-) | Sanskrit | दंश (bite) | उपदंशक्षत (upadanśakṣat) = hard chancre | |
| -दान (-dān) | Sanskrit | दान (donation, charity) | रक्तदान (raktdān) = blood donation; भिक्षादान = (bhikṣādān) = charity, alms-giving; मतदान (matdān) = vote, poll | |
| दिल- (dil-) | Persian | دل (dil) (heart) | दिलचस्पी (dilcaspī) = interest, zeal | |
| -दार (-dār) | adjective-forming suffix, denoting "having, possessing" | Persian | دار (having) | ईमानदार (īmāndār) = honest; ज़िम्मेदार = (zimmedār) = responsible, held-accountable |
| दूर- (dūr-) | tele- | Sanskrit | दूर (far, distant) | दूरदर्शन (dūrdarśan) = television; दूरबीन (dūrbīn) = binoculars; दूरभाष (dūrbhāṣ) = telephone; दूरदर्शक (dūrdarśak) = Telescope |
| द्रुत- (drut-) | Sanskrit | द्रुत (rapid) | द्रुतगति (drutgati) = high-speed; द्रुतगामी (drutgāmī) = express | |
| द्वि- (dvi-) | bi-, di- | Sanskrit | द्वि (two) | द्विकोणीय (dvikōṇīya) = biangular; द्विध्रुव (dvidhruv) = dipole |
| दो- (do-) | bi-, di- | Sanskrit | द्वि (two) | दोगुना (dogunā) = double; दोहरा (doharā) = duplex; दोपहर (dopahar) = midday, noon |
| ध्वनि- (dhvani-) | phon-, son- | Sanskrit | ध्वनि (tune, sound) | ध्वनीलेख (dhvanīlekh) = phonograph |
| नाय- (nāy-) | Sanskrit | नाय (guide, leader, direction) | नायकत्व (nāykatva) = leadership; नायक (nāyak) = hero; नायिका (nāyikā) = heroine (feminine of hero) | |
| निद्रा- (nidrā-) | somn- | Sanskrit | निद्रा (sleep) | निद्राजनक (nidrājanak) = soporific, somniferous |
| निम्न- (nimn-) | min- | Sanskrit | निम्न (low, less, depressed) | निम्नलिखित (nimnalikhit) = following |
| -नाक (-nāk) | adjective-forming suffix, denoting "full of" | Persian | दर्दनाक (dardnāk) = painful; ख़ौफ़नाक (khaufnāk)= terrifying, fearsome | |
| पाण्डुर- (pāndur-) | flav- | Sanskrit | पाण्डुर (yellow) | पाण्डुरविषाणु (pāṇdurviṣāṇu) = Flavivirus |
| पीत- (pīt-) | xanth- | Sanskrit | पीत (yellow) | पीतार्बुद (pītārbud) = xanthoma |
| पुरा- (purā-) | archae-, arche- | Sanskrit | पुरा (of old, long ago) | पुरातत्त्व (purātattva) = archaeology |
| पूति- (pūti-) | Sanskrit | पूति (stink, putrid) | पूतिता (pūtitā) sepsis, पूतिजीवरक्तता (pūtijīvaraktatā) = septicemia | |
| पूर्व- (pūrv-) | ante-, pre- | Sanskrit | पूर्व (early, previous, former) | मृत्युपूर्व (mrutyupūrva) = antemortem |
| पेशाब- (peśāb-) | ur-, uro- | Persian | پیشاب (peśāb) (urine) | पेशाबघर (peśābghar) = urinal |
| प्रजा- (prajā-) | dem- | Sanskrit | प्रजा (man, mankind) | प्रजानायक (prajānāyak) = demagogue |
| प्रति- (prati-) | anti- | Sanskrit | प्रति (back, against, opposite) | प्रतिजैविक (pratijaivik) = antibiotic; प्रतिलघुगणक (pratilaghugaṇak) = antilogarithm |
| परम- (param-) | Sanskrit | परम (absolute, utmost, highest) | परमात्मा (paramātmā) = god, supreme being; परमाणु (paramāṇu) = atom | |
| -पाद (-pād) | -pod | Sanskrit | पाद (foot, quarter) | द्विपाद (dvipād) = biped; संधिपाद (sandhipād) = arthropod |
| पार- (pār-) | trans- | Sanskrit | पार (crossing, opposite side) | पारलैंगिक (pārlaingik) = transsexual; पारदर्शक (pārdarśak) = transparent; पारवहन (pārvahan) = transit |
| फल- (phal-) | fruct-, frug- | Sanskrit | फल (fruit) | फलदायक (phaldāyak) = available; फलधु (phaladhu), फलशर्करा (phalśarkarā) = fructose |
| बा- (baa-) | Persian | با (baa) (with) | बाक़ायदा (bāqāydā) = methodically (lit. by the principles); | |
| बर्फ़- (barf-) | glaci- | Persian | برف (barf) (ice) | बर्फानी (barfānī) = blizzard |
| बाष्प- (bāṣp-) | vap- | Sanskrit | बाष्प (vapor, steam) | बाष्पातु (bāṣpātu) = rhenium |
| बे- (be-) | Persian | بی (be) (without) | बेतार (betār) = wireless; बेशुमार (beśumār) = uncountable, innumerable | |
| -बीन (-bīn) | -scope | Persian | दूरबीन (dūrbīn) = binoculars; खुर्दबीन (khurdbīn) = microscope | |
| भीति- (bhīti-) | phobia- | Sanskrit | भीति (fear) | अग्निभीति (agnibhīti) = pyrophobia; जलभीति (jalabhīti) = Aquaphobia |
| -भुज (-bhuja) | Sanskrit | भुज (hand, arm, side) | अष्टभुज (aṣtabhuja) = octagon, eight-armed | |
| मल- (mal-) | mal- | Sanskrit | मल (dirt, impurity) | मलोत्सर्ग (malotsarg) = bowel movement; मलावरोध (malāvarodh) = constipation |
| मांस- (mā̃s-) | carn- | Sanskrit | मांस (flesh, meat) | मांसाहारी (mā̃sāhaarī) = carnivore |
| मार्ग- (mārg-) | Sanskrit | मार्ग (road, passage) | राजमार्ग (rājmārg) = highway | |
| मूत्र- (mūtr-) | ur-, uro- | Sanskrit | मूत्र (urine) | मूत्रविज्ञान (mūtravinyān) = urology; मूत्राशय (mūtrāśay) = bladder |
| मेघ- (megh-) | Sanskrit | मेघ (cloud) | मेघधनुष (meghdhanuṣ) = rainbow | |
| मृद- (mṛid-) | Sanskrit | मृद (loam, clay, soil) | मृदभक्षण (mṛidbhakṣaṇ) = geophagy | |
| -मंद (-mand) | adjective-forming suffix, denoting possession | Persian | अक़्लमंद (aqlmand) = wise; दौलतमंद (daulatmand) = wealthy | |
| मनो (mano-) | psycho- | Sanskrit | मन (thought, view, imaginary) | मनोविज्ञान (manovijñān) = psychology; मनोदशा (manodaśā) = mood |
| महा- (mahā-) | mega- | Sanskrit | मह (great, mighty) | महात्मा (mahātmā) = saint; महारानी (mahārānī) = empress |
| मेरु- (meru-) | Sanskrit | मेरु (spinal) | मेरुदण्ड (merudanḍa) = spinal column; मेरुरज्जु (merurajju) = spinal cord; मेरुनाल (merunāl) = spinal canal | |
| यव- (yav-) | Sanskrit | यव (barley) | यवसुरा (yavsurā) = ale | |
| रक्त- (rakt-) | hem-, haem- | Sanskrit | रक्त (blood) | रक्तविज्ञान (raktavinyān) = hematology, रक्तला (raktalā) = erbium |
| ला- (lā-) | -less, used for negation | Arabic | لا (no) | लापरवाह (lāparvāh) = carefree, careless; लाजवाब (lājavāb) = matchless, unequalled; लापता (lāpatā) = missing |
| लाप- (lāp-) | Sanskrit | लाप (speaking, speech) | संलाप (samlāp) = discourse; आलाप (ālāp) = dialogue | |
| लोक- (lok-) | Sanskrit | लोक (people, public, human race) | लोकतंत्र (loktantra) = democracy; लोकप्रिय (lokpriya) = popular; लोकसभा (loksabhā) = House of Commons | |
| वायु- (vāyu-) | aer—as- | Sanskrit | वायु (gas) | वायुगतिकी (vāyugatikī) = aerodynamics |
| वृष- (vriṣabh-) | taur—os- | Sanskrit | वृष (bull) | नरवृषभ (narvriṣabh) = Minotaur—os |
| विद्युत्- (vidyut-) | Sanskrit | विद्युत (electricity) | विद्युत चुम्बकीय (vidyutchumbakīya) = electromagnetic; विद्युदणु (vidyudaṇu) = electron | |
| वित्त- (vitta-) | Sanskrit | वित्त (wealth, money, finance) | वित्तमंत्री (vittamantrī) = finance minister; वित्तदाता (vittadātā) = financer | |
| शति- (śati-) | centi- | Sanskrit | शत (hundred) | शतिमान (śatimān) = centimeter |
| शत- (śata-) | hecto- | Sanskrit | शत (hundred) | शतमान (śatamān) = hectometre |
| शिला- (śilā-) | petro- | Sanskrit | शिला (stone) | शिलातैल (śilātail) = petroleum; शिलाचित्र (śilācitra) = petroglyphy |
| शीत- (śit-) | cryo- | Sanskrit | शीत (cold, frigid) | शीतागार (śitāgār) = cold storage; शीतदंश (śitdanś) = frostbite |
| शुष्क- (śuṣk-) | xer- | Sanskrit | शुष्क (dry) | शुष्काक्षिपाक (śuṣkākṣipāk) = xerophthalmia |
| श्याम- (śyām-) | Sanskrit | श्याम (black) | श्यामपट्ट (śyāmpatt) = blackboard | |
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| सद- (sad-) | sed-, -sid-, sess- | Sanskrit | सद (sitting) | सदन (sadan) = assembly, tenement |
| सर्व- (sarv-) | salv- | Sanskrit | सर्व (whole, each, entire, all) | सर्वश्रेष्ठ (sarvaśreṣth) = foremost, ace, ultimate |
| सह- (sah-) | con-, co-, col-, com-, cor- | Sanskrit | सह (with) | सहपक्ष (sahpakṣ) = aileron |
| स्था- (sthā-) | Sanskrit | स्था (stand) | स्थानान्तरण (sthānāntaraṇ) = transfer, shift | |
| स्मृ- (smri-) | memor- | Sanskrit | स्मृ (remember) | स्मृती (smritī) = remembrance |
| स्फट- (sphat-) | Sanskrit | स्फट (crystal) | द्विस्फटिक (dvisphatik) = macle; स्फटयातु (sphatayātu) = aluminum | |
| स्व- (sva-) | auto- | Sanskrit | स्व (self, own) | स्वाभिमान (svābhimān) = self-respect |
| सु - (su-) | eu- | Sanskrit | सुभाग्य (subhāgya) = good-fortune; सुस्वर = (susvar) = euphonious | |
| सहस्र- (sahasra-) | kilo- | Sanskrit | सहस्र (thousand) | सहस्रमान (sahasramān) = kilometre |
| सहस्रि- (sahasri-) | milli- | Sanskrit | सहस्र (thousand) | सहस्रिमान (sahasrimān) = millimetre |
| सूक्ष्म- (sūkṣma-) | micro- | Sanskrit | सूक्ष्म (minute, fine) | सूक्ष्मदर्शी (sūkṣmadarśī) = microscope; सूक्ष्मतरंग (sūkṣmatarang) = microwave; सूक्ष्मजीव (sūkṣmajīv) = micro-organism |
| -सरट (-saraṭ) | -saur | Sanskrit | सरट (lizard) | भीमसरट (bhīmsaraṭ) = dinosaur; त्रिशृंगसरट (triśringasaraṭ) = triceratops; वर्मसरट (varmasaraṭ) = stegosaurus |
| हम- (ham-) | fellow, co-, sym- | Persian | هم (ham) (fellow, kindred) | हमवतन (hamvatan) = compatriot; हमदर्द (hamdard) = sympathy (lit. kindred pain) |
| हिम- (him-) | glaci- | Sanskrit | हिम (ice, snow) | हिमनद (himnad) = glacier |
| -हीन (-hīn) | Sanskrit | हीन (poor, without) | शक्तिहीन (śaktihīn) = powerless; भावनाहीन (bhāvnāhīn) = emotionless | |
| हरित- (harit-) | chloro- | Sanskrit | हरित (green) | हरितलवक (haritlavak) = chloroplast; पर्णहरित (parnaharit) = chlorophyll |
| | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012) |
| | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012) |
| | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012) |
| ऋक्ष- (ṛikṣ-) | urs- | Sanskrit | ऋक्ष (bear) | लघु सप्तर्षि (Ursa Minor) |
Hindi cinema, popularly known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema, refers to the film industry based in Mumbai, engaged in production of motion pictures in Hindi language. The popular term Bollywood, is a portmanteau of "Bombay" and "Hollywood". The industry is a part of the larger Indian cinema, which also includes South Indian cinema and other smaller film industries.
Modern Standard Hindi, commonly referred to as Hindi, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in North India, and serves as the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been described as a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language, which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas of North India. Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, is one of the two official languages of the Government of India, along with English. It is an official language in nine states and three union territories and an additional official language in three other states. Hindi is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India.
Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan, where it is also an official language alongside English. In India, Urdu is an Eighth Schedule language whose status and cultural heritage is recognised by the Constitution of India; it also has an official status in several Indian states. In Nepal, Urdu is a registered regional dialect and in South Africa it is a protected language in the constitution. It is also spoken as a minority language in Afghanistan and Bangladesh, with no official status.
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Deccan, Northern India and Pakistan, and used as a lingua franca in both countries. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi and Urdu. Thus, it is also called Hindi–Urdu. Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards. In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared which is sometimes called Hinglish.
Languages spoken in the Republic of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians; both families together are sometimes known as Indic languages. Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino–Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates. According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after Papua New Guinea (840). Ethnologue lists a lower number of 456.
Hindi literature includes literature in the various Hindi languages which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa like Awadhi, Magadhi, Ardhamagadhi and Marwari languages. Hindi literature is composed in three broad styles- गद्य (Gadya-prose), पद्य( Padya- poetry) and चम्प्पू In terms of historical development, it is broadly classified into five prominent forms (genres) based on the date of production. They are:
There is no national language in India. However, article 343(1) of the Indian constitution specifically mentions that "The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals," while article 343(2) allowed for the continuation of English as an official language for another 15 years and 343(3) gave the parliament the power to provide for the use of English language after this period. The clause 3 of the Official Languages Act, 1963 allows for the continued use of English language for official purposes of the Union government and for parliamentary business. Hence Indian English and Modern Standard Hindi are the Official Languages of the Government of India.
Mahadevi Verma was an Indian Hindi-language poet, essayist, sketch story writer and an eminent personality of Hindi literature. She is considered one of the four major pillars of the Chhayawadi era in Hindi literature. She has been also addressed as the Modern Meera. Poet Nirala had once called her "Saraswati in the vast temple of Hindi Literature". Varma had witnessed India both before and after independence. She was one of those poets who worked for the wider society of India. Not only her poetry but also her social upliftment work and welfare development among women were also depicted deeply in her writings. These largely influenced not only the readers but also the critics, especially through her novel Deepshikha.
All India Radio (AIR) aka Akashvani, is an Indian state-owned public radio broadcaster founded by the Government of India, owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions. It was established in 1936. It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, an Indian television broadcaster. Headquartered in the Akashvani Bhavan building in New Delhi, it houses the Drama Section, the FM Section, and the National Service, and is also home to the Indian television station Doordarshan Kendra, (Delhi).
Priyadarshan is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in Malayalam and Hindi cinema. He was one of the first directors in India to introduce rich color grading, clear sound and quality dubbing through his early Malayalam films.
Awadhi, also known as Audhi (औधी), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Awadh region of eastern Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The name Awadh is connected to Ayodhya, the ancient city, which is regarded as the homeland of the Hindu god Rama. It was, along with Braj, used widely as a literary vehicle before being displaced by Hindi in the 19th century.
Sony Entertainment Television is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel, that was launched on 8 October 1995, and is owned by Culver Max Entertainment.
Harivansh Rai Bachchan was an Indian poet and writer of the Nayi Kavita literary movement of early 20th century Hindi literature. He was also a poet of the Hindi Kavi Sammelan. He is best known for his early work Madhushala. He was also the husband of social activist, Teji Bachchan, father of Amitabh Bachchan and Ajitabh Bachchan, and grandfather of Abhishek Bachchan. In 1976, he received the Padma Bhushan for his service to Hindi literature.
The anti-Hindi-imposition agitations in Tamil Nadu have been ongoing intermittently in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu since the early 20th century. The agitations involve several mass protests, riots, student and political movements in Tamil Nadu concerning the official status of Hindi in the state.
This is a list of films produced by the Indian Hindi-language film industry, popularly known Bollywood, based in Mumbai ordered by year and decade of release. Although "Bollywood" films are generally listed under the Hindi language, most are in Hindustani and many in Urdu as well as Hindi, with partial Bhojpuri, Punjabi and occasionally other languages. Bollywood films can achieve national distribution across at least 22 of India's 29 states.
Amar Ujala is a Hindi-language daily newspaper published in India which was founded in 1948. It has 22 editions in six states and two union territories covering 180 districts. It has a circulation of around two million copies. The 2019 Indian Readership Survey reported that with 9.65 million it had the 4th-largest daily readership amongst newspapers in India.
Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya is an Indian Hindu spiritual leader, educator, Sanskrit scholar, polyglot, poet, author, textual commentator, philosopher, composer, singer, playwright and Katha artist based in Chitrakoot, India. He is one of four incumbent Jagadguru Ramanandacharya, and has held this title since 1988.
Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha is an organisation whose main goal is to improve Modern Standard Hindi literacy among the non-Hindi speaking people of South India. The headquarters are located at Thanikachalam Road, T. Nagar, Chennai.