This article lists the military commanders of divided Berlin between 1945 and 1994. Following the end of World War II in Europe, the Allies divided Berlin into distinct, occupied sectors, each had its own military governor, often referred to as commandant. This practice ended officially with the German reunification in 1990, but the several military commanders were in place until as late as 1994, when the respective occupying/protective forces were withdrawn, according to the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany.
Commandant [1] | In Office |
---|---|
MG Floyd L. Parks | 4 July 1945 – 2 September 1945 |
MG James M. Gavin | 3 September 1945 – 10 October 1945 |
MG Ray W. Barker | 11 October 1945 – 1 May 1946 |
MG Frank A. Keating | 1 May 1946 – 13 May 1947 |
MG Cornelius E. Ryan | 14 May 1947 – 23 September 1947 |
MG William Hesketh | 24 September 1947 – 30 November 1947 |
BG Frank L. Howley | 1 December 1947 – 31 August 1949 |
MG Maxwell D. Taylor | 31 August 1949 – 31 January 1951 |
MG Lemuel Mathewson | 1 February 1951 – 2 January 1953 |
MG Thomas S. Timberman | 3 January 1953 – 4 August 1954 |
MG George B. Honnen | 5 August 1954 – 9 September 1955 |
MG Charles L. Dasher | 10 September 1955 – 3 June 1957 |
MG Barksdale Hamlett | 4 June 1957 – 15 December 1959 |
MG Ralph M. Osborne | 20 December 1959 – 3 May 1961 |
MG Albert Watson II | 4 May 1961 – 2 January 1963 |
MG James H. Polk | 2 January 1963 – 31 August 1964 |
MG John F. Franklin, Jr. | 1 September 1964 – 3 June 1967 |
MG Robert G. Fergusson | 3 June 1967 – 28 February 1970 |
MG George M. Seignious | 28 February 1970 – 12 May 1971 |
MG William W. Cobb | 12 May 1971 – 10 June 1974 |
MG Sam S. Walker | 10 June 1974 – 11 August 1975 |
MG Joseph C. McDonough | 11 August 1975 – 7 June 1978 |
MG Calvert P. Benedict | 7 June 1978 – 5 July 1981 |
MG James G. Boatner | 5 July 1981 – 27 June 1984 |
MG John H. Mitchell | 27 June 1984 – 1 June 1988 |
MG Raymond E. Haddock | 1 June 1988 – 2 October 1990 |
Commandant [2] | In Office |
---|---|
Maj Gen Lewis Lyne | 5 July 1945 – 30 August 1945 |
Maj Gen Eric Nares | 30 August 1945 – 13 June 1947 |
Lt Gen Otway Herbert | 13 June 1947 – 23 January 1949 |
Gen Geoffrey Bourne | 23 January 1949 – 24 October 1951 |
Lt Gen Charles Coleman | 24 October 1951 – 13 March 1954 |
Lt Gen William Oliver | 13 March 1954 – 30 April 1955 |
Maj Gen Robert Cottrell-Hill | 1 May 1955 – 6 February 1956 |
Maj Gen Francis Rome | 26 March 1956 – 20 March 1959 |
Maj Gen Rohan Delacombe | 23 March 1959 – 3 May 1962 |
Maj Gen Claude Dunbar | May 1962 – December 1962 |
Lt Gen David Peel Yates | December 1962 – January 1966 |
Maj Gen John Nelson | February 1966 – February 1968 |
Maj Gen James Bowes-Lyon | March 1968 – November 1970 |
Maj Gen Lord Cathcart | November 1970 – July 1973 |
Lt Gen David Scott-Barrett | August 1973 – November 1975 |
Maj Gen Roy Redgrave | November 1975 – January 1978 |
Lt Gen Robert Richardson | January 1978 – September 1980 |
Gen David Mostyn | September 1980 – October 1983 |
Maj Gen Bernard Gordon Lennox | October 1983 – December 1985 |
Maj Gen Patrick Brooking | December 1985 – January 1989 |
Maj Gen Robert Corbett | 1989 – 2 October 1990 |
Commandant [3] | In Office |
---|---|
Geoffroi du Bois de Beauchesne | 11 July 1945 – 12 March 1946 |
Charles Lançon | 12 March 1946 – 4 October 1946 |
Jean Ganeval | 4 October 1946 – 5 October 1950 |
Pierre Carolet | 1 October 1950 – 31 December 1952 |
Pierre Manceaux-Démiau | 1 January 1953 – 31 December 1954 |
Amédée J.B. Gèze | 1 January 1955 – 30 September 1958 |
Jean Lacomme | 1 October 1958 – 25 February 1962 |
Edouard K. Toulouse | 1962 – 1964 |
François Binoche | 1964 – 1967 |
Bertrand Huchet de Quénetain | 1967 – 1970 |
Maurice Routier | 1970 – 1973 |
Camille Metzler | 1973 – 1975 |
Jacques Mangin | 1975 – 1977 |
Bernard d'Astorg | 1977 – 1980 |
Jean P. Liron | 1980 – 1984 |
Olivier Le Taillendier de Gabory | 1984 – 1985 |
Paul Cavarrot | 1985 – 1987 |
François Cann | 1987 – 2 October 1990 |
Commandant [3] | In Office |
---|---|
Soviet Commandants | |
Nikolai Berzarin | 28 April 1945 – 16 June 1945 |
Alexander Gorbatov | 17 June 1945 – 19 November 1945 |
Dmitry Smirnov | 19 November 1945 – 1 April 1946 |
Aleksandr Kotikov | 1 April 1946 – 7 June 1950 |
Sergey Dengin | 7 June 1950 – 28 May 1953 |
Pyotr Dibrova | 28 May 1953 – 23 June 1956 |
Andrey Chamov | 28 June 1956 – 26 February 1958 |
Matvei Zakharov | 26 February 1958 – 9 May 1961 |
Andrey Soloviev | 9 May 1961 – 22 August 1962 |
East German Commandants | |
Helmut Poppe | 22 August 1962 – 31 May 1971 |
Artur Kunath | 1 June 1971 – 31 August 1978 |
Karl-Heinz Drews | 1 September 1978 – 31 December 1989 |
Wolfgang Dombrowski | 1 January 1990 – 30 September 1990 |
Detlef Wendorf | 30 September 1990 – 2 October 1990 |
The Cold War (1948–1953) is the period within the Cold War from the incapacitation of the Allied Control Council in 1948 to the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953.
There have been two formations named British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). Both were originally occupation forces in Germany, one after the First World War and the other after the Second World War. Both formations had areas of responsibility located around the German section of the River Rhine.
The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main theatres of combat during World War II. It saw heavy fighting across Europe for almost six years, starting with Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and ending with the Western Allies conquering most of Western Europe, the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe including the German capital Berlin, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 although fighting continued elsewhere in Europe until 25 May. On 5 June 1945, the Berlin Declaration proclaiming the unconditional surrender of Germany to the four victorious powers was signed. The Allied powers fought the Axis powers on two major fronts, but there were other fronts varying in scale from the Italian campaign, to the Polish Campaign, as well as in a strategic bombing offensive and in the adjoining Mediterranean and Middle East theatre.
The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 in Karlshorst, Berlin. After German leader Adolf Hitler's suicide and handing over of power to grand admiral Karl Dönitz in May 1945, Soviet troops conquered Berlin and accepted surrender of the Dönitz-led government. The last battles were fought on the Eastern Front which ended in the total surrender of all of Nazi Germany’s remaining armed forces such as in the Courland Pocket in western Latvia from Army Group Courland in the Baltics surrendering on 10 May 1945 and in Czechoslovakia during the Prague offensive on 11 May 1945.
The Western Group of Forces (WGF), previously known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (GSOFG) and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG), were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany. The Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany was formed after the end of World War II in Europe from units of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts. The group helped suppress the East German uprising of 1953. After the end of occupation functions in 1954 the group was renamed the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. The group represented Soviet interests in East Germany during the Cold War. Before changes in Soviet foreign policy during the early 1990s, the group shifted to a more offensive role and in 1989 became the Western Group of Forces. Russian forces remained in the eastern part of Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification until 1994.
General Lucius Dubignon Clay was a senior officer of the United States Army who was known for his administration of occupied Germany after World War II. He served as the deputy to General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1945; deputy military governor, Germany, in 1946; Commander in Chief, United States Forces in Europe and military governor of the United States Zone, Germany, from 1947 to 1949. Clay orchestrated the Berlin Airlift (1948–1949) when the USSR blockaded West Berlin.
The German Instrument of Surrender was a legal document effecting the unconditional surrender of the remaining German armed forces to the Allies, and ended World War II in Europe; the signing took place at 22:43 CET on 8 May 1945 and the surrender took effect at 23:01 CET on the same day.
The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949. Unlike occupied Japan, Germany was stripped of its sovereignty and former state: after Nazi Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, four countries representing the Allies asserted joint authority and sovereignty through the Allied Control Council (ACC) under the Berlin Declaration of 5 June 1945 that led to the fall of the German Reich. At first, Allied-occupied Germany was defined as all territories of Germany before the 1938 Nazi annexation of Austria; the Potsdam Agreement on 2 August 1945 defined the new eastern German border by giving Poland and the Soviet Union all regions of Germany east of the Oder–Neisse line and divided the remaining "Germany as a whole" into four occupation zones, each administered by one of the Allies.
U.S. Army Berlin (USAB) was a command of the United States Army created in December 1961 at the height of the Berlin Wall crisis. USAB was a combined command with the Headquarters, U.S. Command Berlin (USCOB). This combined organization was sometimes called the "Berlin Command". USCOB/USAB was a separate command from the U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) which had previously been in command of American troops in West Berlin.
The Berlin Brigade was a US Army brigade-sized garrison based in West Berlin during the Cold War. After the end of World War II, under the conditions of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, the Allied forces occupied West Berlin. This occupation lasted throughout the Cold War. The French Army also had units in Berlin, called French Forces in Berlin and the British Army's unit in Berlin was the Berlin Infantry Brigade.
The 78th Infantry Division, also known as the Battleaxe Division, was an infantry division of the British Army, raised during the Second World War that fought, with great distinction, in Tunisia, Sicily and Italy from late 1942–1945.
Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, commonly known as Clay Kaserne, formerly known as Wiesbaden Air Base and later as Wiesbaden Army Airfield, is an installation of the United States Army in Hesse, Germany. The kaserne is located within Wiesbaden-Erbenheim. Named for General Lucius D. Clay, it is the home of the Army's 2d Theater Signal Brigade, 66th Military Intelligence Brigade and is the headquarters of the U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR).
The Free Belgian forces were soldiers from Belgium and its colonies who fought as part of the Allied armies during World War II, after the official Belgian surrender to Nazi Germany. It is distinct from the Belgian Resistance which existed in German-occupied Belgium.
The McNair Barracks was a US Army installation in Lichterfelde, a locality in southwest Berlin, Germany. The barracks were named after Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, an American Army officer who served in World War I and World War II and was killed in an infamous friendly fire incident on 25 July 1944 in the Battle of Normandy. The barracks housed the Infantry and Artillery units of the U.S. Army Berlin Brigade.
In Operation Doomsday, the British 1st Airborne Division acted as a police and military force during the Allied occupation of Norway in May 1945, immediately after the victory in Europe during the Second World War. The division maintained law and order until the arrival of the remainder of Force 134, the occupation force. During its time in Norway, the division was tasked with supervising the surrender of the German forces in Norway, as well as preventing the sabotage of vital military and civilian facilities.
The Allied Control Council (ACC) or Allied Control Authority, and also referred to as the Four Powers, was the governing body of the Allied occupation zones in Germany (1945–1949/1991) and Austria (1945–1955) after the end of World War II in Europe. After the defeat of the Nazis, Germany and Austria were occupied as two different areas, both by the same four Allies. Both were later divided into four zones by the 1 August 1945 Potsdam Agreement. Its members were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. The organisation was based in Schöneberg, Berlin.
The Battle of Bologna was fought in Bologna, Italy from 9–21 April 1945 during the Second World War, as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy. The Allied forces were victorious, with the Polish II Corps and supporting Allied units capturing the city on 21 April.
The French Forces in Berlin were the units of the French Armed Forces stationed since 1945 until the end of the Cold War-era in West Berlin according to the agreements of the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. The troops were the French counterparts to the United States' Berlin Brigade and the United Kingdom's Berlin Infantry Brigade in the city.
The Berlin Infantry Brigade was a British Army brigade-sized garrison based in West Berlin during the Cold War. After the end of World War II, under the conditions of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements, the Allied forces occupied West Berlin. This occupation lasted throughout the Cold War. The French Army also had units in Berlin, called the French Forces in Berlin and the US Army's unit in Berlin was the Berlin Brigade.
The British occupation zone in Germany was one of the Allied-occupied areas in Germany after World War II. The United Kingdom, along with the Commonwealth, was one of the three major Allied powers that defeated Nazi Germany. By 1945, the Allies had divided the country into four occupation zones: British, Soviet, American and French lasting until 1949, whence the new country of West Germany was established. Out of all the four zones, the British had the largest population and contained within it the heavy industry region, the Ruhr, as well as the naval ports and Germany's coast lines.