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References
- ↑ "Clark, Alexander G. (1826–1890) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". blackpast.org. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
- ↑ Clark was the first African American male to graduate from the University of Iowa College of Law (1879). His father Alexander Clark, Sr. would become the second African American law graduate in the university's history. They would go on to practice together as lawyers.
- 1 2 3 Smith, Jr., J. Clay (January 1, 1999). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844–1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Writer, Carolyn Sheridan/Staff. "African Americans have rich history here too". Daily Gate City. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ↑ Studies in Iowa History. State Historical Society of Iowa. 1969.
- ↑ The Iowa Journal of History and Politics. State Historical Society of Iowa. 1948.
- ↑ History of Clayton County: Together with Sketches of Its Cities, Villages and Townships ... Biographies of Representative Citizens. Inter-state Publishing Company. 1882.
- ↑ "Learn of Death of Thomas St. Germaine". Ironwood Daily Globe. October 9, 1947. p. 12. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ↑ Indian's Friend. National Indian Association. 1904.
- ↑ "A Monumental Journey | Greater Des Moines Public Art Foundation". Greater Des Moines Public Art Foundation. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ↑ Tarbox, Wilson (December 1, 2017). "The Arc of Justice: Kerry James Marshall Honors Pioneering Black Lawyers in New Monument in Des Moines". ARTnews. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ↑ "Brown, Samuel Joe – The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa -The University of Iowa". uipress.lib.uiowa.edu. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- 1 2 3 Boose, Barbara (April 16, 2010). "DMU trustee 'almost in awe' at White House celebration". Des Moines University.
- 1 2 3 "Glanton, Luther T., Jr. – The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa -The University of Iowa". perma.cc. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
- ↑ "Collection: Chapman Family papers | ArchivesSpace at the University of Iowa". aspace.lib.uiowa.edu. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
- ↑ Murphy, Erin. "First minority ever joins Iowa Supreme Court". The Gazette. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
- ↑ "District's first Black judge 'proud to be the first'". KMTV. August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.