List of long term side effects of antipsychotics

This is a general list of long-term side effects associated with Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication.

Many patients will not develop these side effects, although there is still a significant possibility of risks associated with Antipsychotic usage.

The percentage of patients affected by side effects like Tardive dyskinesia is significantly high and estimated to be a 20-50% prevalence. ^{[1] [2]}

These side effects are serious and some of them are permanent, and many remain a crucial concern for companies and healthcare professionals and substantial efforts are being encouraged to reduce the potential risks for future antipsychotics through more clinical trials and drug development. Much is still being discovered about long term side- effects and insufficient research has been done to verify the mechanistic causes and severity of these long term side-effects^{[ citation needed ]}

Overprescription of antipsychotics among seniors with dementia is evident ^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [ self-published source? ]} in spite of side effects.^{[ citation needed ]}

List of potential long-term side effects

• Alzheimer's disease, ^{[7] [8]}
• Akathisia
• Anhedonia
• Anxiety
• Cognitive dysfunction ^{[9] [10] [11]}
• Early dementia and dementia ^{[12] [13]}
• Dementia worsening ^{[14] [15]}
• Diabetes ^[16]
• Gynecomastia ^[17]
• Hyperglycemia
• Hyperprolactinemia causes impotence in males. ^[18]
• Hyponatremia low sodium blood levels.
• Metabolic syndrome
• Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Oculogyric crisis
• Parkinsonism
• Somnolence
• Tardive dyskinesia ^[19]
• Weight gain ^[20]

There has been a study that suggests antipsychotics are associated with possible cortical reconfiguration and gray matter loss, ^[21] but correlational data also suggests patients who consume antipsychotics, like people with schizophrenia, tend to engage in unhealthy habits like smoking which may exacerbate gray matter loss. ^[22]

There are very few studies on healthy controls. There are also few studies of long term effects on animal controls. There are no studies on the long-term effects of polypharmacy (prescribing more than one anti-psychotic at a time), although the practice has been widespread.

See also

• Antipsychotic
• Psychiatry
• Anti-psychiatry

References

1. Martha Rosenberg (November 2019). "Drugmakers discover tardive dyskinesia. And they profit in it".
2. Waln, Olga; Jankovic, Joseph (12 July 2013). "An Update on Tardive Dyskinesia: From Phenomenology to Treatment". Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 3: 03. doi:10.7916/D88P5Z71 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMC   3709416 . PMID   23858394.
3. Gustafsson, Maria; Karlsson, Stig; Lövheim, Hugo (December 2013). "Inappropriate long-term use of antipsychotic drugs is common among people with dementia living in specialized care units". BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology. 14 (1): 10. doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-10 . PMC   3575309 . PMID   23391323.
4. Jaffe, Ina (5 February 2018). "Risky Antipsychotic Drugs Still Overprescribed In Nursing Homes". NPR.
5. Spielmans, Glen I. (25 February 2015). "Atypical antipsychotics: overrated and overprescribed". The Pharmaceutical Journal.
6. "Antipsychotic overprescribing in people with learning disabilities". National Elf Service. 15 June 2016.
7. Yaffe, K.; Boustani, M. (9 September 2014). "Benzodiazepines and risk of Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 349 (sep09 6): g5312. doi:10.1136/bmj.g5312. PMID   25205606. S2CID   206903228.
8. Sultzer, David L.; Davis, Sonia M.; Tariot, Pierre N.; Dagerman, Karen S.; Lebowitz, Barry D.; Lyketsos, Constantine G.; Rosenheck, Robert A.; Hsiao, John K.; Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Schneider, Lon S. (July 2008). "Clinical Symptom Responses to Atypical Antipsychotic Medications in Alzheimer's Disease: Phase 1 Outcomes from the CATIE-AD Effectiveness Trial". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (7): 844–854. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779. PMC   2714365 . PMID   18519523.
9. Rehse, Michael; Bartolovic, Marina; Baum, Katlehn; Richter, Dagmar; Weisbrod, Matthias; Roesch-Ely, Daniela (2016). "Influence of Antipsychotic and Anticholinergic Loads on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research and Treatment. 2016: 1–10. doi: 10.1155/2016/8213165 . PMC   4842070 . PMID   27144021.
10. Tampi, Rajesh R.; Tampi, Deena J.; Balachandran, Silpa; Srinivasan, Shilpa (September 2016). "Antipsychotic use in dementia: a systematic review of benefits and risks from meta-analyses". Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 7 (5): 229–245. doi:10.1177/2040622316658463. PMC   4994396 . PMID   27583123.
11. MacKenzie, Nicole E.; Kowalchuk, Chantel; Agarwal, Sri Mahavir; Costa-Dookhan, Kenya A.; Caravaggio, Fernando; Gerretsen, Philip; Chintoh, Araba; Remington, Gary J.; Taylor, Valerie H.; Müeller, Daniel J.; Graff-Guerrero, Ariel; Hahn, Margaret K. (2018-12-05). "Antipsychotics, Metabolic Adverse Effects, and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9: 622. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00622 . PMC   6290646 . PMID   30568606.
12. Ma, Li-Yun; Ou, Ya-Nan; Gao, Pei-Yang; Fu, Yan; Zhang, Dan-Dan; Yang, Liu; Feng, Jian-Feng; Cheng, Wei; Tan, Lan; Yu, Jin-Tai (2024-03-15). "Associations between antipsychotics exposure and dementia risk: A prospective cohort study of 415,100 participants". Journal of Affective Disorders. 349: 201–209. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.029. ISSN   0165-0327.
13. Stroup, T. Scott; Olfson, Mark; Huang, Cecilia; Wall, Melanie M.; Goldberg, Terry; Devanand, Davangere P.; Gerhard, Tobias (June 2021). "Age-Specific Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia Diagnoses Among Older US Adults With Schizophrenia". JAMA Psychiatry. 78 (6): 1–10. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0042. ISSN   2168-622X. PMC   7948106 . PMID   33688938.
14. Mueller, Christoph; John, Christeena; Perera, Gayan; Aarsland, Dag; Ballard, Clive; Stewart, Robert (January 2021). "Antipsychotic use in dementia: the relationship between neuropsychiatric symptom profiles and adverse outcomes". European Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00643-2. PMC   7847435 . PMID   32415541. S2CID   218652987.
15. Steinberg, Martin; Lyketsos, Constantine G. (September 2012). "Atypical Antipsychotic Use in Patients with Dementia: Managing Safety Concerns". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (9): 900–906. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030342. PMC   3516138 . PMID   22952071.
16. Holt, Richard I. G. (October 2019). "Association Between Antipsychotic Medication Use and Diabetes". Current Diabetes Reports. 19 (10): 96. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1220-8. PMC   6718373 . PMID   31478094.
17. Keskin, Necla; Tamam, Lut (2017-09-22). "Paliperidone-related gynecomastia and treatment: a case report". Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences: 258–261. doi: 10.5350/DAJPN2017300310 .
18. Tewksbury, Ashley; Olander, Amy (2016-07-01). "Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia". Mental Health Clinician. 6 (4): 185–190. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.07.185. PMC   6007722 . PMID   29955468.
19. Muller, Pavel; Seeman, Philip (1978). "Dopaminergic supersensitivity after neuroleptics: Time-course and specificity". Psychopharmacology. 60 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/BF00429171. PMID   32574. S2CID   22880818.
20. Dayabandara, Madhubhashinee; Hanwella, Raveen; Ratnatunga, Suhashini; Seneviratne, Sudarshi; Suraweera, Chathurie; de Silva, Varuni (August 2017). "Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 13: 2231–2241. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S113099 . PMC   5574691 . PMID   28883731.
21. Smith, Sarah (2007-09-15). "Brain Damage Caused by Neuroleptic Psychiatric Drugs — MFIPortal". MindFreedom International (MFI). Retrieved 2024-11-29.
22. Ho, Beng-Choon; Andreasen, Nancy C.; Ziebell, Steven; Pierson, Ronald; Magnotta, Vincent (2011-02-07). "Long-term Antipsychotic Treatment and Brain Volumes: A Longitudinal Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 68 (2): 128–137. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199. PMC   3476840 . PMID   21300943.