The Town of Dartmouth was incorporated in 1873. Dartmouth became a City in 1961. It was independently governed by the Dartmouth Town Council until 1996 when it was amalgamated, along with the Towns of Bedford, City of Halifax and Halifax County, into the Halifax Regional Municipality.
Prior to 1931 the mayor was chosen from amongst the elected councillors by a vote of council. The first directly elected mayor was Walter Mosher.
Vaughan City Council is the lower-tier municipal governing body for the city of Vaughan, Ontario. It is a part of the upper-tier Regional Municipality of York. Members of the council are elected in three categories: wards councillors, citywide councillors, and a mayor. The wards have remained consistent since the 2010 election.
More than 1,500 African American officeholders served during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) and in the years after Reconstruction before white supremacy, disenfranchisement, and the Democratic Party fully reasserted control in Southern states. Historian Canter Brown Jr. noted that in some states, such as Florida, the highest number of African Americans were elected or appointed to offices after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. The following is a partial list of notable African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900. Dates listed are the year that a term states or the range of years served if multiple terms.