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The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South. Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From 1526, during the early colonial period, it was practiced in what became Britain's colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies that formed the United States. Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U.S. states until abolition. In the decades after the end of Reconstruction, many of slavery's economic and social functions were continued through segregation, sharecropping, and convict leasing.
The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers.
In the British colonies in North America and in the United States before the abolition of slavery in 1865, free Negro or free Black described the legal status of African Americans who were not enslaved. The term was applied both to formerly enslaved people (freedmen) and to those who had been born free.
The fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of enslaved people who escaped from one state into another state or territory. The idea of the fugitive slave law was derived from the Fugitive Slave Clause which is in the United States Constitution. It was thought that forcing states to deliver fugitive slaves back to enslavement violated states' rights due to state sovereignty and was believed that seizing state property should not be left up to the states. The Fugitive Slave Clause states that fugitive slaves "shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due", which abridged state rights because forcing people back into slavery was a form of retrieving private property. The Compromise of 1850 entailed a series of laws that allowed slavery in the new territories and forced officials in free states to give a hearing to slave-owners without a jury.
James Thomas Rapier was an American politician from Alabama during the Reconstruction Era. He served as a United States representative from Alabama, for one term from 1873 until 1875. Born free in Alabama, he went to school in Canada and earned a law degree in Scotland before being admitted to the bar in Tennessee.
A slave catcher is a person employed to track down and return escaped slaves to their enslavers. The first slave catchers in the Americas were active in European colonies in the West Indies during the sixteenth century. In colonial Virginia and Carolina, slave catchers were recruited by Southern planters beginning in the eighteenth century to return fugitive slaves; the concept quickly spread to the rest of the Thirteen Colonies. After the establishment of the United States, slave catchers continued to be employed in addition to being active in other countries which had not abolished slavery, such as Brazil. The activities of slave catchers from the American South became at the center of a major controversy in the lead up to the American Civil War; the Fugitive Slave Act required those living in the Northern United States to assist slave catchers. Slave catchers in the United States ceased to be active with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Walter Lynwood Fleming (1874–1932) was an American historian of the South and Reconstruction. He was a leader of the Dunning School of scholars in the early 20th century, who addressed Reconstruction era history using historiographical technique. He was a professor at Vanderbilt University from 1917 through his career, also serving as Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences, and Director of the Graduate School. A prolific writer, he published ten books and 166 articles and reviews. The son of a plantation owner who had slaves, Fleming was sympathetic to White supremacist arguments and Democratic Party positions of his era while critical of Republicans and Reconstruction.
The institution of slavery in North America existed from the earliest years of the colonial history of the United States until 1865 when the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States except as punishment for a crime. It was also abolished among the sovereign Indian tribes in Indian Territory by new peace treaties which the US required after the Civil War.
Samuel Benedict (1792–1854) was a Liberian politician and jurist who served as the 1st Chief Justice of Liberia. He was born a slave in the U.S. state of Georgia in 1792, and purchased his freedom and that of his family. He emigrated to Liberia in 1835, on the ship Indiana.
Freedom suits were lawsuits in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States filed by slaves against slaveholders to assert claims to freedom, often based on descent from a free maternal ancestor, or time held as a resident in a free state or territory.
The Phoenix election riot occurred on November 8, 1898, near Greenwood County, South Carolina, when a group of local white Democrats attempted to stop a Republican election official from taking the affidavits of African Americans who had been denied the ability to vote. The race-based riot was part of numerous efforts by white conservative Democrats to suppress voting by blacks, as they had largely supported the Republican Party since the Reconstruction era. Beginning with Mississippi in 1890, and South Carolina in 1895, southern states were passing new constitutions and laws designed to disenfranchise blacks by making voter registration and voting more difficult.
Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America is a 1995 history book about nineteenth century slave children in America by Wilma King. As the first full-length book on the subject, it began the scholarship of slave childhood. The book uses historical documents to argue that enslaved children were deprived of experiences now understood to constitute childhood, due to early work responsibilities, frequent bodily and emotional trauma, and separations from family. The book covers themes of the children's education, leisure, religion, transitions to freedmen, and work expectations. It was published in the Indiana University Press's Blacks in the Diaspora series, and a revised edition was released in 2011.
The History of slavery in Michigan includes the pro-slavery and anti-slavery efforts of the state's residents prior to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.
John Carruthers Stanly (1774-1845) was one of the largest slave owners in North Carolina and the wealthiest free black resident.
Brick Wall Landing is a populated place in Caroline County, Maryland, United States. The settlement is located on the Choptank River, 3.2 mi (5.1 km) north of Denton. Variant names for the settlement include "Brick Mill Landing" and "Hardcastle Landing".
William V. Turner was a state representative in Alabama during the Reconstruction era. He testified about intimidation and balloting issues in 1871. He represented Elmore County. He campaigned for U.S. Senator George E. Spencer and was accused of receiving patronage positions in exchange. He was a school teacher in Wetumpka and an organizer in the Union League.
Jesse Chisholm Duke was a religious and political leader in Alabama who established and edited the Baptist Montgomery Herald newspaper and served as a Selma University trustee. He advocated for civil rights for African Americans.
Francis Jackson, also known as Frank Jackson, was an African-American kidnapping victim. He was born free, but enticed into helping to drive horses to Virginia, a slave state, and was sold into slavery in early 1851. Besides escaping a number of times over seven years, there were three legal cases fought in Virginia and North Carolina. It seemed to be settled with the Francis Jackson vs. John W. Deshazer case when he was ruled to be free in 1855, but he was held as a slave until 1858. Jackson lived a continual cycle of being sold to new slaveholders, running away, getting caught, and then being returned to his latest owner.
Charles Sackett Sydnor was a history professor and author in the United States. He was born in Augusta, Georgia.
Despite the long-standing American color line, there were black slave owners in the United States, some in cities and others as plantation owners in the country. Slave ownership signified both wealth and increased social status. Black slave owners were relatively uncommon, however, as "of the two and a half million African Americans living in the United States in 1850, the vast majority [were] enslaved."
References
- ↑ "Dr. Loren Schweninger - HIS - UNCG". his.uncg.edu.
- ↑ "Loren L. Schweninger , UNCG NC DOCKS (North Carolina Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship)". libres.uncg.edu.
- ↑ https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-abstract/53/4/1125/5421578?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Hobbs, Steven H. (January 1, 2021). "Loren Schweninger, Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South". The Journal of African American History. 106 (1): 139–140. doi:10.1086/712013. S2CID 234166060 – via journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon).
- ↑ "Loren Schweninger". Charlie Rose.
- ↑ "Loren Schweninger | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
- ↑ "Schweninger, Loren [WorldCat Identities]".
- ↑ Schweninger, Loren. "UI Press | Loren Schweninger | Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915". www.press.uillinois.edu.
- ↑ Schweninger, Loren. "UI Press | Edited by Loren Schweninger | The Southern Debate over Slavery: Volume 2: Petitions to Southern County Courts, 1775-1867". www.press.uillinois.edu.
- ↑ Reid, CaVar (January 1, 2015). "Loren Schweninger, Families in Crisis in the Old South: Divorce, Slavery, and the Law". The Journal of African American History. 100 (1): 143–145. doi:10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.1.0143 – via journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon).
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