Lori Peek

Last updated
Professor
Lori Peek
Peek Photo medium.jpg
CitizenshipUnited States
EducationPhD Sociology, University of Colorado at Boulder; MEd Education, Colorado State University; BA Sociology, Ottawa University
Occupation(s)Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Colorado at Boulder; Director, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder
Known forSociology of Disaster, Race, Ethnicity, Religion, Sex and Gender, Children and Youth, Qualitative Methods, Environmental Sociology
Notable workBehind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11 (2010)
Website Official website

Lori Peek is an American sociologist, academic, and author. She is a professor in the Department of Sociology as well as the director of the Natural Hazards Center in the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. [1] Furthermore, she is a presidentially-appointed member of the Board of Directors at the National Institute of Building Sciences. [2]

Contents

Peek is most known for her works on the sociology of disaster, children and youth, gender, religion, qualitative methods, and environmental sociology. Among her authored works are her publications in academic journals, including Sociology of Religion , Child Development , and Natural Hazards [3] as well as books such as Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11, [4] Children of Katrina, [5] and The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina. [6] Moreover, she has co-edited two volumes including Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora [7] and the Handbook of Environmental Sociology. [8] She served as social science lead and a contributing author to Safer, Stronger, Smarter: A Guide to Improving School Natural Hazard Safety. [9]

Education

Peek earned her Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas in 1997, followed by a Master's in Education and Human Resource Studies from Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado in 1999. In 2005, she completed her Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Colorado Boulder in Boulder, Colorado. [1]

Career

After receiving her doctorate, she was hired at Colorado State University, where she held the position of assistant professor in the Sociology department from 2005 to 2011. Subsequently, she was promoted to associate professor of Sociology at Colorado State University with an appointment in the Colorado School of Public Health from 2011 to 2016. Additionally, from 2013 to 2020, she held an adjunct research scientist appointment at the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University. Since 2017, she has been a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. [1]

Peek served as president of the Research Committee on Disasters for the International Sociological Association from 2015 to 2018. [10] Notably, she was the first woman to be elected to this role. [11] She also serves on the Board of Directors at the National Institute of Building Sciences for the term 2021 to 2025, having been appointed by President Joseph R. Biden and approved by the U.S. Senate. [2]

Peek has received awards for her undergraduate and graduate teaching and her mentoring of students and postdoctoral scholars. She was a co-principal Investigator for a National Science Foundation INCLUDES grant focused on Capacity Building in Disaster Research for Scholars from Underrepresented Groups. [12] Since 2014, she has served as a founding Board Member for the Bill Anderson Fund, which provides mentoring to Black, Latinx, and Indigenous doctoral students in disaster research and hazard mitigation. [13]

Works

In her first book, titled Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11, Peek drew on federal hate crime statistics, bias crime reports, field observations, and 140 in-depth interviews to characterize the discussed post-9/11 experiences of young Muslim Americans. [4] The book explored the breadth of discrimination that Muslims experienced after 9/11, the collective consequences for this group, and the ways that Muslim Americans coped. In a review of the book, Nikkia DeLuz of Lynn University, wrote, "This study is significant because it provides outstanding and relevant insight into the public and political reaction to crisis events and the subsequent marginalization of members of society due to catastrophes beyond their control. Peek's research is also important because the results of her longitudinal and qualitative effort, provides the reader with testimonials that are compelling and invaluable to an understanding of the human and societal components and consequences resulting from crisis events." [14]

In 2012, sociologist Lynn Weber and Peek co-edited Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora, offering an examination of Hurricane Katrina evacuees' challenges, emphasizing the disproportionate impact on low-income African American women and showcasing their resilience in rebuilding lives nationwide. [7] In her review of the book, Kirsten Dellinger from the University of Mississippi said "This gripping edited volume provides an in-depth analysis of the experiences of New Orleanians displaced by Gulf Coast-wrecking Katrina in August 2005." Further, she observes that the work grew out of a long-term collaboration between a collective of social scientists, and wrote that the "result of their dedication to engaged community research is a strong, cohesive, feminist collection with a refreshing focus on women's first-hand accounts, deft analysis of the importance of social context, and a careful and consistent exploration of the hierarchies of race, class, gender, age, and citizenship and the role they played in making this storm a social disaster." [15]

Alice Fothergill and Peek's 2015 book, Children of Katrina, is an ethnography of children after a disaster. Over nearly a decade of research, they explored the recovery trajectories of children and youth, highlighting the impact of Katrina on child well-being, family dynamics, and community connections, and emphasizing the crucial factors that either facilitated or hindered their recovery. [5] In his review of the book, Timothy J. Haney from Mount Royal University said "Children of Katrina serves as an exemplar of committed, dedicated, disaster research done out of an earnest desire to improve the lives of Katrina-affected children." [16]

Peek co-edited the 2021 Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Consisting of 25 chapters, the text offers an overview of the state of the field. [17]

Kai Erikson and Peek's 2022 book, The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina, is the last volume in the Katrina Bookshelf series. The book focuses on the human causes and consequences of Katrina and offers an expanded view of the enduring human costs of the catastrophe across time and space. [6] In his review of the book, Ethan Raker of the University of British Columbia said "Erikson and Peek make clear... that many people continue to carry with them the consequences of Katrina, some of whom are suffering due to compounding collective traumas." [18]

Research

Peek's research has primarily centered around the ways in which various forms of social inequality manifest in everyday lives and during times of disaster. Her published work explores vulnerabilities as related to the intersections between race, ethnicity, religion, gender, social class, and age. She has conducted meta-reviews on topics such as poverty, [19] gender, [20] the elderly, and children. [21] [22] [23] She, along with collaborators has published work on ethics in disaster research, [24] qualitative approaches in youth-centered research, [25] interdisciplinary research, [26] and convergent approaches to solving societal problems. [27]

In 2000, Peek collaborated with Dennis Mileti to examine public responses to impending nuclear power plant emergencies, underscoring the importance of effective warning dissemination methods. She delineated the three fundamental components of a warning system, summarized elements of public response, and dispelled popular myths, drawing on recent research. [28]

Moving forward to 2004, Alice Fothergill and Peek's 2004 study shed light on the disproportionate vulnerability of the economically disadvantaged in the United States to natural hazards. Factors such as residential location, building construction, and social exclusion were identified as key contributors to their heightened exposure of those in poverty to disaster susceptibility. This research advocated for a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction, acknowledging the need for tailored support mechanisms for the economically challenged. [19] In subsequent research, she advanced a more holistic and child-centered approach to understanding and addressing the impacts of disasters on children, acknowledging their vulnerabilities but also recognizing their potential contributions and the necessity of tailored support mechanisms. [29] Moreover, her collaborative work with Laura M. Stough critically reviewed existing literature on children with disabilities in disaster situations. This research highlighted factors contributing to their vulnerability, such as higher poverty rates and traumatic loss, emphasizing the crucial need for protective measures and swift reestablishment of social networks for positive post-disaster outcomes. [30]

Peek's 2005 study delved into the formation of religious identity in second-generation Muslim Americans. The study identified three developmental stages and emphasized the pivotal role of 9/11 in shaping identity salience for religious minorities. [31] Additionally, her collaborative research with Elaine Enarson and Alice Fothergill emphasized the importance of an international, nuanced approach to gender in disaster social science. This work also underscored the necessity of addressing sex and gender-based inequalities for effective disaster risk reduction, particularly focusing on safeguarding the rights of women and girls in crisis situations. [32] [33] In 2021, she and Mithra Moezzi explored the use of researchers' and practitioners' stories as tools to advance interdisciplinary disaster research, suggesting that integrating such narratives into interdisciplinary teams can foster collaborative learning, provide naturalistic insights often missed by formal theories, and break away from discipline-specific reasoning. [34]

Peek serves as the principal investigator for several research projects including the Clearinghouse on Natural Hazards Applications [35] and the CONVERGE facility. [36] She also is the principal investigator for the Social Science Extreme Events Research (SSEER) and Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Extreme Events Research (ISEEER) Networks. [36] In 2019, she was awarded funding from the U.S. Geological Survey to launch a study concerning the adoption of earthquake early warning in schools in the Western United States. [37] Prior to that, she led an evaluation effort to understand the readiness of Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) to protect children in emergencies. [38]

Awards and honors

Bibliography

Books

Selected articles

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sociology of disaster</span>

Sociology of disaster or sociological disaster research is a sub-field of sociology that explores the social relations amongst both natural and human-made disasters. Its scope includes local, national, and global disasters - highlighting these as distinct events that are connected by people through created displacement, trauma, and loss. These connections, whether that is as a survivor, working in disaster management, or as a perpetrator role, is non-discrete and a complex experience that is sought to be understood through this sub-field. Interdisciplinary in nature, the field is closely linked with environmental sociology and sociocultural anthropology.

Psychological resilience is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly.

In its broadest sense, social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disaster risk reduction</span> Preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk factors

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is an approach for planning and taking steps to make disasters less likely to happen, and less damaging when they do happen. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. When DRR is successful, it decreases the vulnerability of communities because it mitigates the effects of disasters. This means DRR can reduce the severity and number of risky events. Since climate change can increase climate hazards, DRR and climate change adaptation are often looked at together in development efforts.

Robert W. Kates was an American geographer and independent scholar in Trenton, Maine, and University Professor (Emeritus) at Brown University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban resilience</span> Ability of a city to function after a crisis

Urban resilience has conventionally been defined as the "measurable ability of any urban system, with its inhabitants, to maintain continuity through all shocks and stresses, while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability".

Vulnerability refers to "the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally." The understanding of social and environmental vulnerability, as a methodological approach, involves the analysis of the risks and assets of disadvantaged groups, such as the elderly. The approach of vulnerability in itself brings great expectations of social policy and gerontological planning. Types of vulnerability include social, cognitive, environmental, emotional or military.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel P. Aldrich</span> American political scientist

Daniel P. Aldrich is an academic in the fields of political science, public policy and Asian studies. He is currently full professor of political science and public policy at Northeastern University. Aldrich has held several Fulbright fellowships, including a Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Applied Public Policy at Flinders University in Australia in 2023, a Fulbright Specialist in Trinidad-Tobago in 2018, a Fulbright research fellowship at the University of Tokyo's Economic's Department for the 2012–2013 academic year, and a IIE Fulbright Dissertation Fellowship in Tokyo in 2002–2003. His research, prompted in part by his own family's experience of Hurricane Katrina, explores how communities around the world respond to and recover from disaster.

Climate resilience is a concept to describe how well people or ecosystems are prepared to bounce back from certain climate hazard events. The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". For example, climate resilience can be the ability to recover from climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts. Methods of coping include suitable responses to maintain relevant functions of societies and ecosystems. To increase climate resilience means one has to reduce the climate vulnerability of people and countries. Efforts to increase climate resilience include a range of social, economic, technological, and political strategies. They have to be implemented at all scales of society, from local community action all the way to global treaties.

Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to use available resources to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations. This allows for the adaptation and growth of a community after disaster strikes. Communities that are resilient are able to minimize any disaster, making the return to normal life as effortless as possible. By implementing a community resilience plan, a community can come together and overcome any disaster, while rebuilding physically and economically.

<i>Behind the Backlash</i>

Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11 is the work of professor Lori Peek published by Temple University Press in 2011. This work addresses the violence Muslim Americans faced unexpectedly living in the post-9/11 United States. Peek examines how stereotypes, stigmas, and discrimination against the religion of Islam and its many peaceful followers, as well as Arabs and those from the Middle East, came into full force. Peek's work provided a platform for the stories and voices of 120 Muslim American citizens, bringing light to their experiences of navigating the tension and difficulties they experienced in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Behind the Backlash is a hallmark lens for showing the abuse, racism, and oppression of Muslims in the post-9/11 turmoil. Peek created depth of perspective within her piece by writing about the issues of how Muslims of many walks of life identified during such a dangerous time as well as how their treatment as Muslim Americans differed from before and after the attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan Cutter</span> American geographer and disaster researcher

Susan Lynn Cutter is an American geographer and disaster researcher who is a Carolina Distinguished Professor of Geography and director of the Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina. She is the author or editor of many books on disasters and disaster recovery. Her areas of expertise include the factors that make people and places susceptible to disasters, how people recover from disasters, and how to map disasters and disaster hazards. She chaired a committee of the National Research Council that in 2012 recommended more open data in disaster-monitoring systems, more research into disaster-resistant building techniques, and a greater emphasis on the ability of communities to recover from future disasters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erica Kuligowski</span> American social research scientist

Erica Kuligowski is an american social research scientist investigating human behavior during emergencies and the performance of evacuation models in disasters. She currently works at RMIT university in Melbourne (Australia). Kuligowski used to work the Engineering Lab of the National Institute of Standards and Technology conducting research on several fire disasters including the NIST Hurricane Maria Project.

Irasema Alcántara-Ayala is a professor of Natural hazards and Risk at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She combines natural science with social sciences, and in particular studies the occurrences of landslides, natural hazards and vulnerability. She was awarded the 2016 European Geosciences Union Sergey Soloviev Medal, and is an International Science Council Fellow.

<i>Flammable: Environmental Suffering in an Argentine Shantytown</i> 2008 book by Javier Auyero and Débora Swistun

Flammable: Environmental Suffering in an Argentine Shantytown is a 2008 book by sociologist Javier Auyero and anthropologist Débora Swistun. Its subject is the impact of pollution and toxicity on the residents of Flammable, a neighborhood on the outskirts of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The book is a contribution to the field of collective action and mobilization regarding environmental suffering. It was first published in Spanish as Inflamable. Estudio de sufrimiento ambiental and translated to English in 2009. It won the Charles Tilly Award for Best Book in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change vulnerability</span> Assessment of relative vulnerability to climate change and its effects

Climate change vulnerability is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change. Its formal definition is the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans and also to natural systems. Issues around the capacity to cope and adapt are also part of this concept. Vulnerability is a component of climate risk. Vulnerability differs within communities and also across societies, regions, and countries. It can increase or decrease over time.

Leith Lorraine Dunn is a Jamaican sociologist, writer and academic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omar-Darío Cardona Arboleda</span> Columbian author & academic

Omar-Darío Cardona Arboleda is a civil engineer, academic, and author. He is a Titular Professor of integrated disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in the Institute of Environment Studies at the National University of Colombia, Co-founder, and CEO of Ingeniar: Risk Intelligence.

Dilanthi Amaratunga, FRGS is a Sri Lankan scientist. She is a quantity surveyor who leads research and international projects into disaster mitigation, reconstruction and resilience. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C. Emdad Haque</span> Canadian academic

C. Emdad Haque is a Canadian academic, environmentalist, and author. He is a professor in the Natural Resources Institute of the Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources at the University of Manitoba and Chief Technical Advisor at the Bangabandhu Centre of Bangladesh Studies in Canada.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Lori Peek". Sociology. January 17, 2017.
  2. 1 2 "Board of Directors | National Institute of Building Sciences". www.nibs.org.
  3. ↑ "Lori Peek". scholar.google.com.
  4. 1 2 "Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans After 9/11".
  5. 1 2 "Children of Katrina".
  6. 1 2 Erikson, KAI; Peek, Lori (2022). The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina. University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/324332. ISBN   978-1-4773-2435-6. JSTOR   10.7560/324332. S2CID   250380458.
  7. 1 2 "Displaced : life in the Katrina diaspora".
  8. ↑ "Handbook of environmental sociology".
  9. ↑ "Safer, Stronger, Smarter: A Guide to Improving School Natural Hazard Safety" (PDF).
  10. ↑ Peek, Lori (August 26, 2018). "2018 International Sociological Association Research Committee on Disasters (RC39) Presidential Address: Looking Back and Moving Forward". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters. 36 (2): 88–96. doi:10.1177/028072701803600201. S2CID   255503146 – via CrossRef.
  11. ↑ "Past Boards". www.isa-sociology.org.
  12. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 1744479 - NSF INCLUDES DDLP: Capacity Building in Disaster Research for Scholars from Under-Represented Groups". www.nsf.gov.
  13. ↑ Fund, Bill Anderson. "Bill Anderson Fund". Bill Anderson Fund.
  14. ↑ Deluz, Nikkia (December 1, 2011). "Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11, Lori Peek. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA (2011), 230 pages". The Social Science Journal. Informa UK Limited. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2011.10.003. S2CID   148766770 – via www.academia.edu.
  15. ↑ Dellinger, Kirsten (2014). "Reviewed Work: Displaced: Life in the Katrina Diaspora by Lynn Weber, Lori Peek". Contemporary Sociology. 43 (3): 423–425. doi:10.1177/0094306114531284aaa. JSTOR   43186172. S2CID   18209731 – via JSTOR.
  16. ↑ Haney, Timothy J. (March 26, 2016). "Book Review: Children of Katrina". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters. 34 (1): 170–172. doi:10.1177/028072701603400108. S2CID   255503332 – via CrossRef.
  17. ↑ "Handbook of environmental sociology".
  18. ↑ "Review of "The Continuing Storm: Learning from Katrina"".
  19. 1 2 Fothergill, Alice; Peek, Lori A. (May 1, 2004). "Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings". Natural Hazards. 32 (1): 89–110. Bibcode:2004NatHa..32...89F. doi:10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000026792.76181.d9. S2CID   14642066 – via Springer Link.
  20. ↑ Enarson, Elaine; Fothergill, Alice; Peek, Lori (February 26, 2007). Rodríguez, Havidán; Quarantelli, Enrico L.; Dynes, Russell R. (eds.). Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer. pp. 130–146. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32353-4_8 – via Springer Link.
  21. ↑ Peek, Lori (February 26, 2008). "Children and Disasters: Understanding Vulnerability, Developing Capacities, and Promoting Resilience — An Introduction". Children, Youth and Environments. 18 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1353/cye.2008.0052. S2CID   18589015 – via Project MUSE.
  22. ↑ Peek, Lori; Abramson, David M.; Cox, Robin S.; Fothergill, Alice; Tobin, Jennifer (February 26, 2018). Rodríguez, Havidán; Donner, William; Trainor, Joseph E. (eds.). Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer International Publishing. pp. 243–262. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_13 – via Springer Link.
  23. ↑ "Children and Disasters".
  24. ↑ "Check Sheets".
  25. ↑ "Youth Creating Disaster Recovery And Resilience – Resilience By Design".
  26. ↑ Peek, Lori; Guikema, Seth (July 26, 2021). "Interdisciplinary Theory, Methods, and Approaches for Hazards and Disaster Research: An Introduction to the Special Issue". Risk Analysis. 41 (7): 1047–1058. Bibcode:2021RiskA..41.1047P. doi:10.1111/risa.13777. PMC   8361963 . PMID   34181763.
  27. ↑ Peek, Lori; Tobin, Jennifer; Adams, Rachel M.; Wu, Haorui; Mathews, Mason Clay (February 26, 2020). "A Framework for Convergence Research in the Hazards and Disaster Field: The Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure CONVERGE Facility". Frontiers in Built Environment. 6. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2020.00110 .
  28. ↑ Mileti, D. S.; Peek, L. (July 28, 2000). "The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 75 (2–3): 181–194. doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(00)00179-5. PMID   10838242. S2CID   19838063 – via PubMed.
  29. ↑ Peek, Lori (February 26, 2008). "Children and Disasters: Understanding Vulnerability, Developing Capacities, and Promoting Resilience — An Introduction". Children, Youth and Environments. 18 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1353/cye.2008.0052. S2CID   18589015 – via Project MUSE.
  30. ↑ Peek, Lori; Stough, Laura M. (February 26, 2010). "Children with disabilities in the context of disaster: a social vulnerability perspective". Child Development. 81 (4): 1260–1270. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01466.x. PMID   20636694 – via PubMed.
  31. ↑ "Becoming Muslim: The Development of a Religious Identity".
  32. ↑ Enarson, Elaine; Fothergill, Alice; Peek, Lori (February 26, 2007). Rodríguez, Havidán; Quarantelli, Enrico L.; Dynes, Russell R. (eds.). Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer. pp. 130–146. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-32353-4_8 – via Springer Link.
  33. ↑ Enarson, Elaine; Fothergill, Alice; Peek, Lori (2018). "Gender and Disaster: Foundations and New Directions for Research and Practice". Handbook of Disaster Research. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. pp. 205–223. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_11. ISBN   978-3-319-63253-7.
  34. ↑ Moezzi, Mithra; Peek, Lori (July 26, 2021). "Stories for Interdisciplinary Disaster Research Collaboration". Risk Analysis. 41 (7): 1178–1186. Bibcode:2021RiskA..41.1178M. doi:10.1111/risa.13424. PMID   31691332 – via CrossRef.
  35. ↑ "A Clearinghouse on Natural Hazards Applications".
  36. 1 2 "CONVERGE: Coordinated Social Science, Engineering, and Interdisciplinary Extreme Events Reconnaissance Research".
  37. ↑ "NHC–USGS Earthquake Early Warning and Schools Study". hazards.colorado.edu.
  38. ↑ "Save the Children: An Evaluation Project". hazards.colorado.edu.
  39. ↑ "Children and Youth Award Recipient History | American Sociological Association".
  40. ↑ "Past Winners - Ann Gill Excellence in Teaching Award".
  41. ↑ "BETTY AND ALFRED MCCLUNG LEE BOOK award past recipients".
  42. ↑ "AWARDS - Ottawa University".
  43. ↑ "Past Outstanding Postdoc Mentor Award Winners". 17 September 2021.
  44. ↑ "The Section on Environmental Sociology's Fred Buttel Distinguished Contribution Award".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.