Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ⟨ɹ⟩,a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
In phonetics,voice onset time (VOT) is a feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing,the vibration of the vocal folds,or,according to other authors,periodicity. Some authors allow negative values to mark voicing that begins during the period of articulatory closure for the consonant and continues in the release,for those unaspirated voiced stops in which there is no voicing present at the instant of articulatory closure.
A stop with no audible release,also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive,is a stop consonant with no release burst:no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold). In the International Phonetic Alphabet,lack of an audible release is denoted with an upper-right corner diacritic after the consonant letter:,,.
Coarticulation in its general sense refers to a situation in which a conceptually isolated speech sound is influenced by,and becomes more like,a preceding or following speech sound. There are two types of coarticulation:anticipatory coarticulation, when a feature or characteristic of a speech sound is anticipated (assumed) during the production of a preceding speech sound;and carryover or perseverative coarticulation, when the effects of a sound are seen during the production of sound(s) that follow. Many models have been developed to account for coarticulation. They include the look-ahead,articulatory syllable,time-locked,window,coproduction and articulatory phonology models.
Patricia Ann Keating is an American linguist and noted phonetician. She is distinguished research professor emeritus at UCLA.
Haskins Laboratories,Inc. is an independent 501(c) non-profit corporation,founded in 1935 and located in New Haven,Connecticut,since 1970. Haskins has formal affiliation agreements with both Yale University and the University of Connecticut;it remains fully independent,administratively and financially,of both Yale and UConn. Haskins is a multidisciplinary and international community of researchers that conducts basic research on spoken and written language. A guiding perspective of their research is to view speech and language as emerging from biological processes,including those of adaptation,response to stimuli,and conspecific interaction. Haskins Laboratories has a long history of technological and theoretical innovation,from creating systems of rules for speech synthesis and development of an early working prototype of a reading machine for the blind to developing the landmark concept of phonemic awareness as the critical preparation for learning to read an alphabetic writing system.
Philip E. Rubin is an American cognitive scientist,technologist,and science administrator known for raising the visibility of behavioral and cognitive science,neuroscience,and ethical issues related to science,technology,and medicine,at a national level. His research career is noted for his theoretical contributions and pioneering technological developments,starting in the 1970s,related to speech synthesis and speech production,including articulatory synthesis and sinewave synthesis,and their use in studying complex temporal events,particularly understanding the biological bases of speech and language.
Carol Ann Fowler is an American experimental psychologist. She was president and director of research at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven,Connecticut from 1992 to 2008. She is also a professor of psychology at the University of Connecticut and adjunct professor of linguistics and psychology at Yale University. She received her undergraduate degree from Brown University in 1971,her M.A University of Connecticut in 1973 and her Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Connecticut in 1977.
Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech articulators,such as the tongue,jaw,and lips. Speech is created by digitally simulating the flow of air through the representation of the vocal tract.
Articulatory phonology is a linguistic theory originally proposed in 1986 by Catherine Browman of Haskins Laboratories and Louis Goldstein of University of Southern California and Haskins. The theory identifies theoretical discrepancies between phonetics and phonology and aims to unify the two by treating them as low- and high-dimensional descriptions of a single system.
Ignatius G. Mattingly (1927–2004) was a prominent American linguist and speech scientist. Prior to his academic career,he was an analyst for the National Security Agency from 1955 to 1966. He was a Lecturer and then Professor of Linguistics at the University of Connecticut from 1966 to 1996 and a researcher at Haskins Laboratories from 1966 until his death in 2004. He is best known for his pioneering work on speech synthesis and reading and for his theoretical work on the motor theory of speech perception in conjunction with Alvin Liberman. He received his B.A. in English from Yale University in 1947,his M.A. in Linguistics from Harvard University in 1959,and his Ph.D. in English from Yale University in 1968.
Katherine Safford Harris is a noted psychologist and speech scientist. She is Distinguished Professor Emerita in Speech and Hearing at the CUNY Graduate Center and a member of the Board of Directors of Haskins Laboratories. She is also the former President of the Acoustical Society of America and Vice President of Haskins Laboratories.
Catherine Phebe Browman was an American linguist and speech scientist. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1978. Browman was a research scientist at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey (1967–1972). While at Bell Laboratories,she was known for her work on speech synthesis using demisyllables. She later worked as researcher at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven,Connecticut (1982–1998). She was best known for developing,with Louis Goldstein,of the theory of articulatory phonology,a gesture-based approach to phonological and phonetic structure. The theoretical approach is incorporated in a computational model that generates speech from a gesturally-specified lexicon. Browman was made an honorary member of the Association for Laboratory Phonology.
Elliot Saltzman is an American psychologist and speech scientist. He is a professor in the Department of Physical Therapy at Boston University and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven,Connecticut. He is best known for his development,with J. A. Scott Kelso of "task dynamics ." He is also known for his contributions to the development of a gestural-computational model at Haskins Laboratories that combines task dynamics with articulatory phonology and articulatory synthesis. His research interests include application of theories and methods of nonlinear dynamics and complexity theory to understanding the dynamical and biological bases of sensorimotor coordination and control. He is the co-founder,with Philip Rubin,of the IS group.
Michael T. Turvey is the Board of Trustees' Distinguished Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Connecticut and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven,Connecticut. He is best known for his pioneering work in ecological psychology and in applying dynamic systems approach for the study of motor behavior. He is the founder of the Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action. His research spans a number of areas including:dynamic touch and haptics,interlimb coordination,visual perception and optic flow,postural stability,visual word recognition and speech perception. Along with William Mace and Robert Shaw,he has been one of the leading explicators of the ecological psychology of J. J. Gibson. His pioneering work with J. A. Scott Kelso and Peter N. Kugler introduced the physical language of complex systems to the understanding of perception and action. He also helped to introduce the ideas of Russian motor control theorist,Nikolai Bernstein,and his colleagues to a larger audience. Working with Georgije Lukatela and other colleagues at Haskins Laboratories,he has exploited the dual nature of the Serbo-Croatian orthography to help understand word recognition.
Speech production is the process by which thoughts are translated into speech. This includes the selection of words,the organization of relevant grammatical forms,and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by the motor system using the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation,reactive such as when they name a picture or read aloud a written word,or imitative,such as in speech repetition. Speech production is not the same as language production since language can also be produced manually by signs.
The Association for Laboratory Phonology is a non-profit professional society for researchers interested in the sound structure of language. It was founded to promote the scientific study of all aspects of phonetics and phonology of oral and sign languages through scholarly exchange across disciplines and through the use of a hybrid methodology. The founding and honorary members are Amalia Arvaniti,Mary Beckman,Cathi Best,Catherine Browman,Jennifer S. Cole,Mariapaola D'Imperio,Louis M. Goldstein,JoséIgnacio Hualde,Patricia Keating,John Kingston,D.R. Ladd,Peter Ladefoged,Janet Pierrehumbert,Caroline Smith,Paul Warren and Douglas Whalen. The Association is an international body open to scholars world-wide,and currently has over 100 members.
Sidney Wood is a British-born retired Swedish phonetician and Research Fellow (docent).
Elizabeth Cook Zsiga is a linguist whose work focuses on phonology and phonetics. She is a Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University.
