Louis Sauer

Last updated
Louis Sauer
Born1928 (age 95–96)
Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
NationalityCanadian, American
Alma mater New Bauhaus Chicago
OccupationArchitect
Awards FAIA 1973; PADA 1963, 1964 (2), 1965, 1969 & 1973; AIA Pennsylvania Chapter Silver Medal (2)
PracticeWinchell and Sauer, vigilantes, Philadelphia, 1961–62; Louis Sauer Associates, Architects, Philadelphia, 1961–79; Director, Peoples Housing, Inc, Topanga CA, 1968–89; Director of Urban Design, Daniel Arbour Associates, Montreal, 1989–97
Buildings1963 McClennen Residence [1]

Louis Edward Sauer (born 1928) is a Canadian-American architect and design theorist of dual American and Canadian nationality, known for his role in the renewal in Society Hill, Philadelphia and his contributions to low-rise, high-density housing. Sauer worked with housing developers to produce low-rise high-density housing projects throughout the 1960s and 70s. [2] [3]

Contents

During his tenure as principal of Louis Sauer Associates, Architects located in Philadelphia (1961–79), his work focused on over 90 residential and urban design commissions in central city urban infill, suburban and rural areas, and new town developments in Reston (Virginia), Columbia (Maryland) and Montreal (Quebec).

Sauer's designs for the David Buten House (Philadelphia) and Pastorius Mews [4] were early templates for the system he developed. The conceptual innovation for most of these housing designs was a 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) or 14-foot-wide (4.3 m) structural and functional module, [2] which was part of a grid. [5]

Sauer's advocacy work with the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority on the Morton Urban Renewal Project (MURP) for a low-income minority neighbourhood helped to define his career interest in advocating for improved design and planning for people left out of the market economy and generally neglected by mainstream design professionals. This interest led him to employ the social sciences (especially social-psychology) in his design research and programming in order to better understand the interrelationships between architecture and the occupancy needs of the anticipated users of his sites and buildings.

Personal life

Louis Sauer was born to an Italian mother and a German father, both doctors in alternative medicine, with the family living modestly in Oak Park Illinois. Between the ages of ten and eighteen, Sauer would go on to work a variety of part-time jobs: as a window washer, corner newspaper boy, life guard, magazine distributor, shoe salesman, among others. After graduating from Oak Park and River Forest High School in 1946, Sauer began as a student in pre-medicine at DePaugh University, but moved out of the sciences to pursue an interest in art and photography. He discovered a passion for architecture and modern design while studying at Moholy-Nagy's 'New Bauhaus' (named the Institute of Design of the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1952) from 1949 to 1953 in Chicago.

Sauer lives in Tasmania, Australia. [6]

Early years

At age 25, Sauer was conscripted into the US Army. Following basic training at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas, he became part of the occupying army in Baumholder, Germany serving as a Private First Class in the US Army Corps of Engineers from December 1953 to June 1955. Sauer labelled himself conscientious objector, expressing his willingness to perform any tasks except those involving harm or killing, actions he wanted to avoid. In spite of this, he successfully completed his service and received an honorable discharge. [5] [7]

While travelling in Italy on furlough, he met the Italian architect Gino Valle at his home in Udine, where Valle introduced Sauer to the ideas and work of the American architect Louis Kahn, who practiced in Philadelphia. Sauer returned to the United States in 1955, where he obtained his first architectural employment under Jules Gregory in Lambertville NJ. [5]

He then joined the 1956 summer session of Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in Venice at the Istituto Universitario di Architettura spending a formative period studying under architects such as Giuseppe Samonà, Jacob Bakema and Giancarlo De Carlo. Sauer remained another six months in Venice before returning to America to work for the Philadelphia Planning Department under Edmund Bacon on the Society Hill Redevelopment Plan. He met Louis I Kahn and entered Kahn's Master's Studio for post-graduate architectural studies at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, graduating in 1959. [5] [7]

After graduation, Sauer would work in a number of Philadelphia architect's offices. In 1961, Sauer and collaborator William Winchel would open their first office Winchel and Sauer, Architects, renaming it to Louis Sauer Associates the following year. Frustrated that his market-developer focused Philadelphia practice isolated him from working with economically disadvantaged social groups, he organized in 1968 a separate architectural and planning office with David Marshall and Steven Kerpen – People's Housing, Inc – in Topanga, California that focused on design and construction for economically and physically disadvantaged social groups. Sauer also taught part-time throughout this period, architecture and urban design at Philadelphia's Drexel Institute of Technology (1960–65) and the University of Pennsylvania (1965–79). [5]

In spite of his contributions to the field of architecture, his discontent with his low fees which amounted to developer profits would eventually lead Sauer to close his Philadelphia office by June 1979. His decision to close his office took many fellow practitioners by surprise, giving up a successful private practice and moving on to a full-time academic career as Head of Architecture at Carnegie Mellon University. [2]

Sauer felt strongly about the role of education for shaping future practitioners, believing that unless architectural schools learned to teach students how to design for increased building performance and to deal with society on realistic economic terms, society would simply deal architects out of the game. [5]

Later years

Between 1989 and 1997, Sauer returned to professional design practice in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as Director of Urban Design at Daniel Arbour and Associates, an urban planning office where fifty urban design master plans were carried out, including large-scale residential on green-field sites, structure plans for the redevelopment of brown-field sites, high-density mixed-use urban infill, and a master plan for structuring public and private sectors for a new town. [5] [8]

Projects

"It has been a long time since the architecture of our day has accomplished as much for human liveability... Sauer's splendid design, at relatively moderate prices, should remove the last reasonable objections to the row-house idea. The houses appear wide on the inside, rather than narrow and vertical. And each has an unmistakably individual entrance, not just a kind of apartment door out on the street. I am almost tempted to call the Sauer townhouses a new breakthrough in townhouse design." [28]

"A towering snorkel... like a shower massage on steroids." [31]

Role is Society Hill

Sauer is mentioned among other architects, such as Frank Weiss, Romaldo Giurgola, De Roy Mark, John Bower and John Collins, in Saggio's An American Architect as the most important figure behind the building design for the renewal of Society Hill owing to the number of projects completed, the high architectural and urban quality of the buildings, and the originality of his design solutions.

Between 1957 and 1958, prior to finishing his Master's degree under the mentorship of Louis Kahn, Sauer was employed at the Philadelphia Planning Commission. During this time, he played a key role in developing the Society Hill regeneration plan, which aimed to secure federal funding for the initiation of the redevelopment process. Sauer's responsibilities encompassed documenting the architectural features of chosen historic structures, participating in decisions regarding restoration, renewal, or demolition and reconstruction, and creating alternative illustrative site plans for urban areas designated for both low-rise and high-rise construction.

Regarding this third initiative, the young Sauer conceptualized the layout for the present location of the Society Hill Towers. His design involved the blueprints for three high-rise buildings, resembling the Pei towers that stand there today. The comprehensive redevelopment plan was supervised by Willo von Moltke within the Philadelphia Planning Department and drafted by the office of Andrade Wright and Amenta, consultants to the Planning department. Despite his involvement in the project, Sauer faced challenges in his relationship with public administration. His impatience with the centralizing institutional structures, as well as the political and "public relations" aspects of the Planning Department directed by Bacon, played a role in shaping Sauer and Bacon's dynamic.

From 1962 to 1963, Sauer conducted a thorough door-to-door survey to assess the execution of a redevelopment plan in the Morton Urban Renewal neighborhood. Serving as a "street architect" for the city's Redevelopment Authority, he not only fulfilled official duties but also provided free consultancy to the residents. It was during this timeframe that Sauer recognized the challenges associated with urban renewal initiatives. Administrators needed to navigate between explicit public commitments to address social issues in deteriorating neighborhoods and acknowledging the market's rules, where investors directly intervene to maximize profits for effectiveness. [5]

Career

Academia

Sauer was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Architecture at Carnegie-Mellon University (1979–85). [32] His research focus was on the relationships between public and private development processes and their marketplaces, as well as how people use their residences and the cultural meanings of street landscapes. [33] Sauer was also a professor at the universities of Pennsylvania (1965–79), Colorado (Boulder; 1985–89) and a visiting professor at MIT, Yale and at numerous other US and Canadian universities. In 1984 Sauer was given the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Promoting Architectural Education. Although he retired from design practice in 1997, he continues to teach design studios at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), School of Architecture and mentoring PhD and Masters architecture students at the University of Melbourne.

Urban design

Sauer's works in urban legend includes a 'signature' new town in the Quebec development context designed in 1992–93 for 25,000 people adjacent to and northwest of Montreal. His vision and design was an urban plan, rather than a conventional suburban plan, for 8000 dwellings on 202 hectares at Bois-Franc in the borough of Saint-Laurent . His urban approach provided a strong singular image, with the streets and squares as social spaces, and allowed for integration of economic groups, building types and architectural styles. He used water as a major theme to provide contrast been the summer and winter city and social landscapes.[ citation needed ]

Research

Sauer was active in early initiatives to promote the inclusion of 'user needs' in design practice and education. He undertook his own research by conducting post-occupancy evaluations of his built work and worked with social scientists, such as John Zeisel, during his design programming. He received the first Design Fellowship Research Grant from the US National Endowment to the Arts to examine the relationships between building development processes and architectural design. He was active in the Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA) and was a director of its board. Sauer was also a review editor for the Journal of Architectural Research (JAR)[ when? ][ citation needed ].

Awards

In 1973 Sauer was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), and has received national, regional and local AIA awards, including two AIA Pennsylvania Chapter Silver Medals.

He won six Progressive Architecture Design Award's (PADA) [2] for:

Other award-winning projects include:

For his teaching and academic work:

Architectural style

According to a news article issued by Bloomberg, Sauer's style follows a modernist housing trend, taking inspiration from Moorish North African architecture and reinforced by a combination of "Ancient Greek, Medieval Italian, and early Native American models", spontaneous, disassociating himself with any premeditative architecture or "foreground architecture", stating how he found designing buildings "extremely challenging" due to a lack of any "preconceived form". Sauer created his models by starting on a single living quarter and scale it up. Creating building is a "discovery" process. In terms of interior design, the inside reflects the outside [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pruitt–Igoe</span> Demolished housing project in St. Louis, US

The Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments, known together as Pruitt–Igoe, were joint urban housing projects first occupied in 1954 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The complex of 33 eleven-story high rises was designed in the modernist architectural style by Minoru Yamasaki. At the time of opening, it was one of the largest public housing developments in the country. It was constructed with federal funds on the site of a former slum as part of the city's urban renewal program. Despite being legally integrated, it almost exclusively accommodated African Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Furness</span> American architect

Frank Heyling Furness was an American architect of the Victorian era. He designed more than 600 buildings, most in the Philadelphia area, and is remembered for his diverse, muscular, often inordinately scaled buildings, and for his influence on the Chicago-based architect Louis Sullivan. Furness also received a Medal of Honor for bravery during the Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban renewal</span> Land redevelopment in cities

Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities. Urban renewal involves the clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities in favour of new housing, businesses, and other developments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terraced house</span> Form of medium-density housing

A terrace, terraced house (UK), or townhouse (US) is a kind of medium-density housing that first started in 16th century Europe with a row of joined houses sharing side walls. In the United States and Canada these are sometimes known as row houses or row homes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington Square West, Philadelphia</span> United States historic place

Washington Square West is a neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The neighborhood roughly corresponds to the area between 7th and Broad Streets and between Chestnut and South Streets, bordering on the Independence Mall tourist area directly northeast, Market East to the north, Old City and Society Hill to the East, Bella Vista directly south, Hawthorne to the southwest, and mid-town Philadelphia and Rittenhouse Square to the west. The area takes its name from Washington Square, a historic urban park in the northeastern corner of the neighborhood. In addition to being a desirable residential community, it is considered a hip, trendy neighborhood that offers a diverse array of shops, restaurants, and coffee houses. Washington Square West contains many gay-friendly establishments, especially in the gay village area of the neighborhood commonly known as the Gayborhood, which hosts annual events celebrating LGBT culture in Philadelphia, including OutFest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmund Bacon (architect)</span> American urban planner and architect

Edmund Norwood Bacon was an American urban planner, architect, educator, and author. During his tenure as the executive director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission from 1949 to 1970, his visions shaped today's Philadelphia, the city of his birth, to the extent that he is sometimes described as "The Father of Modern Philadelphia". He authored the seminal urban planning book Design of Cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Society Hill</span> United States historic place

Society Hill is a historic neighborhood in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, with a population of 6,215 as of the 2010 United States Census. Settled in the early 1680s, Society Hill is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods in Philadelphia. After urban decay developed between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an urban renewal program began in the 1950s, restoring the area and its many historic buildings. Society Hill has since become one of the most expensive neighborhoods with the highest average income and second-highest real estate values in Philadelphia. Society Hill's historic colonial architecture, along with planning and restoration efforts, led the American Planning Association to designate it, in 2008, as one of the great American neighborhoods and a good example of sustainable urban living.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Society Hill Towers</span> Residential in Pennsylvania, United States

Society Hill Towers is a three-building condominium located in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The complex contains three 31-story skyscrapers with 624 units on a 5-acre (2.0 ha) site. The towers were designed by I. M. Pei and Associates and are constructed of cast-in-place concrete, with each apartment featuring floor-to-ceiling windows. Completed in 1964, the apartments were originally rental units but were converted to condominiums in 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West End, Boston</span> Neighborhood of Boston in Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States

The West End is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, bounded generally by Cambridge Street to the south, the Charles River to the west and northwest, North Washington Street on the north and northeast, and New Sudbury Street on the east. Beacon Hill is to the south, North Point is across the Charles River to the north, Kendall Square is across the Charles River to the west, and the North End is to the east. A late 1950s urban renewal project razed a large Italian and Jewish enclave and displaced over 20,000 people in order to redevelop much of the West End and part of the neighboring Downtown neighborhood. After that, the original West End became increasingly non-residential, including part of Government Center as well as much of Massachusetts General Hospital and several high rise office buildings. More recently, however, new residential buildings and spaces, as well as new parks, have been appearing across the West End.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Architecture of Philadelphia</span> Philadelphia architectural styles

The architecture of Philadelphia is a mix of historic and modern styles that reflect the city's history. The first European settlements appeared within the present day borders of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the 17th century with most structures being built from logs. By the 18th century, brick structures had become common. Georgian and later Federal style buildings dominated much of the cityscape. In the first half of the 19th century, Greek revival appeared and flourished with architects such as William Strickland, John Haviland, and Thomas U. Walter. In the second half of the 19th century, Victorian architecture became popular with the city's most notable Victorian architect being Frank Furness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lafayette Park, Detroit</span> Neighborhood of Detroit in Wayne County, Michigan, United States

Lafayette Park is a neighborhood located east of Downtown Detroit. It contains a residential area of some 4,900 people and covers 0.07 sq mi.

The Progressive Architecture Awards annually recognise risk-taking practitioners and seek to promote progress in the field of architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloethiel Woodard Smith</span> American architect

Chloethiel Woodard Smith, was an American modernist architect and urban planner whose career was centered in Washington, D.C. She was the sixth woman inaugurated into the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows and at the peak of her practice led the country's largest woman-owned architecture firm.

Oscar Gregory Stonorov was a modernist architect and architectural writer, historian and archivist who emigrated to the United States from Germany in 1929. His first name is often spelled "Oskar".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Koch (architect)</span> American architect

Carl Koch was a noted American architect. He was most associated with the design of prefabricated homes and development of the Techcrete building system.

Gentrification is the controversial process of affluent people moving into a historically low-income neighborhood. It is often criticized because the current residents have limited options to buy or rent equivalent housing in alternative areas at the same price. If they stay, prices for products, services, and taxes rise and existing social networks are disturbed. Gentrification is the opposite of white flight—when residents voluntarily move away as a neighborhood declines.

Ehrenkrantz Eckstut & Kuhn Architects (EE&K) is an international architectural firm with offices in New York City, Washington DC, Los Angeles, and Shanghai. EE&K's expertise spans large-scale urban development and infrastructure projects, mixed-use urban development and waterfronts, school and campus design, historic preservation and adaptive re-use.

Robert Louis Geddes was an American architect, planner, writer, educator, past principal of the firm Geddes Brecher Qualls Cunningham (GBQC), and dean emeritus of the Princeton University School of Architecture (1965-1982). As principal of GBQC, select major projects include Pender Labs at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia Police Headquarters, the Liberty State Park master plan, the Philadelphia Center City master plan, and his best-known work, the Dining Commons, Birch Garden, and Academic Building at the Institute for Advanced Study.

David S. Traub is an American architect, author and playwright based in Philadelphia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. L. Womersley</span> British architect and town planner

J. Lewis Womersley CBE, FRIBA, FRTPI, Hon. LL.D and MA was a British architect and town planner best known for his work as City Architect for Sheffield, leading the team that created the Gleadless Valley, Hyde Park and Park Hill estates. Womersley's passion was "incorporating buildings, roads, paths, play-grounds, schools and superb landscaping as the complete architectural environment."

References

  1. ↑ Philadelphia Register of Historic Places. "The Work of Louis Sauer" . Retrieved 2008-12-17.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Architect Who Mastered Low-Rise, High-Density Housing - Bloomberg". Bloomberg News . 2023-03-08. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  3. ↑ "Sauer, Louis | Weitzman". 2023-03-08. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  4. ↑ "Pastorius Mews -- associated architects, engineers, etc". www.philadelphiabuildings.org. Archived from the original on 2023-11-26. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Saggio, Antonino (1988). Un architetto americano Louis Sauer. Il progetto. p. xxx.
  6. ↑ "Architect louis sauer - the man with a plan - blog - cincinnatimodern.com". www.cincinnatimodern.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-29.
  7. 1 2 Saggio, Antonino (2023). Louis Sauer The Architect of Low-rise High-density Housing (4th ed.). Vita Nostra Edizioni. p. 149. ISBN   9781291674354.
  8. ↑ Saggio, Antonino (2023). Louis Sauer The Architect of Low-rise High-density Housing. 4th: Vita Nostra Edizioni. p. 153. ISBN   9781291674354.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ↑ Garvin, Alexander (2002). The American City : What Works, What Doesn't. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 265. ISBN   0-07-137367-5.
  10. ↑ 'Penns Landing Square,' Toshi-Jutaku: a Monthly Magazine of Urban Housing, Kajima Institute Publishing Co., May 1977, pp 43-45
  11. ↑ Penns Landing Square, 'Wohnhauser in Philadelphia, USA,' 10 x Wohnen Baumeister 12, Callwey Verlag, Munich, 1976, pp 1072-1075
  12. ↑ 'Urban-suburban: Penns Landing Square,' Housing: High-Rise vs. Low-Rise: Progressive Architecture, Reinhold Publishing Corp., NY, March 1976, pp 48-51
  13. ↑ 'A dynamic new partner,' House Beautiful, The Hearst Corporation, NY, June 1974, pp 74-77
  14. ↑ 'Penns Landing Square', 'Second Street Townhouses,' Low-Rise Housing in America, Process Architecture No. 14, Process Architecture Publishing Co., Tokyo, 1980, pp 38-47, 161
  15. ↑ 'Society Hill, Philadelphia,' Entwurf und Planning: Stadthauser, Paulhans, Peters, ed., Georg D.W. Callwey, Munich, 1979, pp 12, 46-47, 110. ISBN   3-7667-0473-7
  16. ↑ Sauer, Louis. 'Joining old and new: neighborhood planning and architecture for city revitalization,' Architecture and Behavior Vol. 5. No.4, Kaj Noschis, ed. (Ecole polytechnique federate Lausanne) p 357 372, Dec1989
  17. ↑ Mary Helen Lorenz. 'Inner Harbor West housing development,' 'Design Process, Problems and Social Science Research,' User Needs Research Practices of Designers, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Boston, 1979, pp 5-8, 24-25, 30-33, 35-44
  18. ↑ Sauer, Louis. 'The public open space urban design framework for Bois-Franc: a new town in Quebec,' Urban Design: Reshaping Our Cities, Anne Vernez Moudon & Wayne Attoe, eds. (College of Architecture & Urban Design, University of Washington: Seattle, p 172-178, 1995
  19. ↑ Sauer, Louis. 'Creating a Signature Town: the Urban Design of Bois Franc,' Plan Canada, (Canadian Institute of Planners: Arnprior, Ontario) p 22, 27, September 1994
  20. ↑ 'New Crystal Palace: Newmarket,' Progressive Architecture, Reinhold Publishing Corp., April 1976, pp 76-79
  21. ↑ Andrea 0. Dean. 'Evaluation: futuristic gesture in historic Society Hill,' AIA Journal, American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C., June 1981, pp 42-49
  22. ↑ David Mackay. 'Spring Pond Apartments, Painted Post, NY,' Wohnungsbau in Wandel von der Addition zur Integration, Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart, 1977, pp 86-89. ISBN   3-7757-0112-5
  23. ↑ David Mackay. 'Spring Pond,' Multifamily Housing: From Aggregation to Integration, Thames & Hudson (London) 1977, pp 86-89
  24. ↑ 'Spring Pond Apartments,' USA 71, 1'Architecture d'Aujourd hui #157, Boulogne-Sur-Seine, France, Aug - Sept 1971, pp XL-XLI
  25. ↑ 'Corning, N.Y. Diversity of shapes and layouts in countryside apartments was achieved using repetitive buildings methods,' Architectural Forum, May 1971, pp 34-36
  26. ↑ Bettye Rose Connell. Behavioral Science research for Decision-making: the Processes of Programming and Evaluation; and, an Evaluative Case Study of Multi-family Housing, (an evaluation of Louis Sauer's design decisions for Painted Post NY), Master of Science Thesis, Graduate School of Cornell University, August 1975
  27. ↑ Paulhans Peters ed. 'Reston, Virginia, USA,' (Golf Course Island Townhouses), E+P: Hauser in Reihen: Mehrfamilienhauser, Kettenhauser, Hausergruppen, Verlag Geog D. W. Callwey, Munchen, 1973, pp 72-73, 132
  28. ↑ Von Eckardt, Wolf (1966). "The Row House Revival Is Going To Town-Not to Mention Country". Washington Post.
  29. ↑ 'Cincinnatus Concourse and Forum,' Architectural Record, McGraw-Hill Book Co., NY, June 1979, pp 107-112
  30. ↑ William Morgan. 'Cincinnati's Forum: A model Louisville should emulate,' The Urban Environment, The Courier-Journal, Cincinnati OH, 29 July 1979
  31. ↑ Mark Miller (June 2008). "10 June 2008 Cincinnati Concourse Fountain at Yeatman's Cove". Citykin Cincinnati Downtown Parents Promoting families in the city. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  32. ↑ "School of Architecture History" . Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  33. ↑ Sauer LE (1989). "Joining old and new: neighborhood planning and architecture for city revitalization" (PDF). Architecture and Behavior. 5 (4): 357–72.
  34. ↑ "Lous Sauer & Associates Architects Projects". William Penn Foundation. Retrieved 23 Dec 2008.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.