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Assyria was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC and eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia. Possibly originating from beyond the Black Sea, they settled in modern-day Turkey in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Hittites formed a series of polities in north-central Anatolia, including the kingdom of Kussara, the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom, and an empire centered on Hattusa. Known in modern times as the Hittite Empire, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians.
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Tukulti-Ninurta II was King of Assyria from 890 BCE to 884 BCE. He was the second king of the Neo Assyrian Empire.
Ḫiyawa or Adanawa was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.
The Civilization of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. While in the Paleolithic and early Neolithic periods only parts of Upper Mesopotamia were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period. Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the Early Bronze Age, for which reason it is often called a cradle of civilization.
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Ḫilakku, later known as Pirindu, was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.
Luhuti, Lukhuti or Lu'ash, was an Iron Age Syro-Hittite Aramean region during the early 1st millennium BC located in northern Syria, in an area that used to be called Nuhašše.
Pattin, was an ancient Luwian Syro-Hittite state at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. It was known to the Assyrians as Unqi and Aramaeans as Unqu.
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References
- ↑ Bryce, Trevor (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780199218721.
- 1 2 Younger, K. Lawson, Jr (2016). A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities. SBL Press. p. 342. ISBN 9781628370843.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Rogers, Robert W. (1900). A History of Babylonia and Assyria, Volume 2. Eaton & Mains. p. 65.