Lydia Andrews Finney | |
---|---|
Born | New Britain, CT | March 8, 1804
Died | December 17, 1847 43) | (aged
Resting place | Oberlin, OH |
Lydia Andrews Finney (March 8, 1804 - December 17, 1847), born Lydia Root, was a social reformer and evangelical revivalist during the Second Great Awakening. [1] She was most notably a founder of the New York Female Moral Reform Society.
Finney was born in New Britain, CT, the fifth child of Nathaniel Andrews and Sarah Marcy. [2] She grew up with her family in the then religiously vibrant Whitestown, NY where she lived until she married her husband, Charles Grandison Finney, in 1824. [3] When she first met her would-be husband, he was not Christian and she prayed for his conversion, which would ultimately occur a few months after they first met in Adams, NY. [4] [5] They were officially married on October 5, 1824.
Finney was an active revivalist throughout her life, and joined her husband on many revival tours across the country. While her husband would preach, she would often lead women's prayer sessions. [6] She would also often establish maternal organizations and women's church groups in the towns that they visited.
Along with helping her husband, she was one of the founders and first directress of the New York Female Moral Reform Society. The group initially focused on what they saw as the widespread plague that was prostitution in America during the time, and advocated for approaches that would hold men as well as women responsible, as well as practical ways to reduce prostitution. [7] It eventually grew to have many branches outside of New York, and shifted to focus on more general women's issues. Finney's actions were controversial during the time, as she and other women openly discussed the then-taboo topic of prostitution.
In 1835, her husband took a job teaching theology at Oberlin College in Ohio, and shortly after she and their children moved to join him. She was very active both politically and socially in Oberlin, and helped found multiple organizations including the Oberlin Female Moral Reform Society, the Oberlin Maternal Association, and the Ohio Ladies Anti-Slavery Society. [8] She also arranged for three former prostitutes to study at Oberlin as part of her anti-prostitution activism. [9]
The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, the convention is now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who modeled it upon the United States Declaration of Independence. She was a key organizer of the convention along with Lucretia Coffin Mott, and Martha Coffin Wright.
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The First Great Awakening or the Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement permanently affected Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo-American evangelicalism as a trans-denominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the United States, the term Great Awakening is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, the movement is referred to as the Evangelical Revival.
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John Millott Ellis was a 19th-century abolitionist minister and intellectual who served as acting President of Oberlin College in 1871. He was a professor of philosophy at Oberlin from 1866 to 1896.
Asahel Nettleton was an American theologian and Evangelist from Connecticut who was highly influential during the Second Great Awakening. The number of people converted to Christianity as a result of his ministry was estimated by one biographer at 30,000. He participated in the New Lebanon Conference in 1827, during which he and Lyman Beecher opposed the teachings of Charles Grandison Finney.
The New York Female Moral Reform Society (NYFMRS) was established in 1834 under the leadership of Lydia A. Finney, wife of revivalist Charles Grandison Finney. The NYFMRS was created for the fundamental purpose of preventing prostitution in early 19th century New York.
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"Fallen woman" is an archaic term which was used to describe a woman who has "lost her innocence", and fallen from the grace of God. In 19th-century Britain especially, the meaning came to be closely associated with the loss or surrender of a woman's chastity and with female promiscuity. Its use was an expression of the belief that to be socially and morally acceptable, a woman's sexuality and experience should be entirely restricted to marriage, and that she should also be under the supervision and care of an authoritative man. Used when society offered few employment opportunities for women in times of crisis or hardship, the term was often more specifically associated with prostitution, which was regarded as both cause and effect of a woman being "fallen". The term is considered to be anachronistic in the 21st century, although it has considerable importance in social history and appears in many literary works.
The President of Oberlin College is the chief administrator of both Oberlin College and Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Each is appointed by and is responsible to the other members of that body, who delegate to him or her the day-to-day running of the university. The current incumbent is Carmen Twillie Ambar. As part of Oberlin's inherent mission of a vastly interdisciplinary education, presidents have been chosen from a wide range of fields as diverse as musical performance (Starr), theology (Finney) physics (Fuller), law (Krislov), athletics (Stevenson) and pure mathematics (King). Thus, each president is a qualified academic professor who has the opportunity to teach classes.
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The Ladies' New York City Anti-Slavery Society was a group of white Christian women in New York City who created an abolitionist society based on their religious views. At this time moral reforms were becoming popular and were encouraged by preachers. This group was founded in 1835 and had about 200 members. They felt as though they could help end slavery by using religion to pray and spread anti-slavery ideas, but this limited their activities, because they believed in the idea of separate spheres they did not participate in anything that was in the public sphere alongside men. Their society wrote letters, circulated petitions and held parlor lectures and conventions. There was a lot of controversy around this group within the women's anti-slavery movement because they did not allow black members. They also often fought against the women's rights movement. These views on women's rights eventually led to the end of the society because it was agreed that women should not be allowed to participate in organizations and voice their opinions alongside men. This led the New York City Anti-Slavery Society, which was male only, and the Ladies New York City Anti-Slavery Society to walk out of a planned debate that was held by the American Anti-Slavery Society. After this, the women's society supposedly served as an auxiliary of a new society the men created called the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. They did not have any recorded activity after this debate.
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