The Rajya Sabha,constitutionally the Council of States,is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. As of 2023,it has a maximum membership of 250,of which 238 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots,while the president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art,literature,science,and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245,after the Jammu and Kashmir (Reorganisation) Act,2019,the seats came down to 245. The maximum seats of 250 members can be filled up at the discretion and requirements of the house of Rajya Sabha.
The Lok Sabha,constitutionally the House of the People,is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament,with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies,and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Parliament House,New Delhi.
Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda is an Indian politician who served as the 11th prime minister of India from 1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997. He was previously the 14th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1994 to 1996. He presently is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha representing Karnataka. He is the national president of the Janata Dal (Secular) party. Born in a farming family,he joined the Indian National Congress party in 1953,and remained a member until 1962. He was imprisoned during the Emergency. He became President of the state unit of Janata Dal in 1994,and was considered to be a driving force in the party's victory in Karnataka. He served as the 8th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1994 to 1996. In the 1996 general elections,no party won enough seats to form a government. When the United Front,a coalition of regional parties,formed the central government with the support of the Congress,Deve Gowda was unexpectedly chosen to head the government and was elected Prime Minister. During his tenure as prime minister,he also served as Home Minister for some time. His prime ministerial tenure lasted for less than a year. After his prime ministerial tenure,he was elected to the 12th (1998),14th (2004),15th,and 16th Lok Sabha,as Member of Parliament for the Hassan Lok Sabha constituency. He lost Lok Sabha elections in 2019 from Tumkuru but has been elected to Rajya Sabha since.
The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President of India,in their role as head of the legislature,has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve the Lok Sabha,but they can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and their Union Council of Ministers.
Shankarrao Bhavrao Chavan was an Indian politician who served as the chief minister of Maharashtra twice from 1975 until 1977 and from 13 March 1986 until 26 June 1988. He was the finance minister of India from 1988 to 1989 in Rajiv Gandhi ministry. He also served as the home minister of India twice,from 31 December 1984 to 12 March 1986 in the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet,and from 21 June 1991 to 16 May 1996 in the P. V. Narasimha Rao cabinet.
Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna is an Indian politician who served as Minister of External Affairs of India from 2009 to October 2012. He was the 10th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004 and the 19th Governor of Maharashtra from 2004 to 2008. SM Krishna had served as the Speaker of the Karnataka Vidhan Sabha from December 1989 to January 1993. He was also a member of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha at various times from 1971 to 2014. In 2023,Krishna was awarded the Padma Vibhushan,the second highest civilian award of India.
Although India is a parliamentary democracy,the country's politics has become dynastic or with high level of nepotism,possibly due to the absence of party organizations,independent civil-society associations which mobilize support for a party,or centralized financing of elections. The dynastic phenomenon is present at the national,state,regional,and district level. The Nehru–Gandhi family has produced three Indian prime ministers,and family members have largely led the Congress party since 1978. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) also has several dynastic leaders. In addition to the major national parties,other national and regional parties such as Shiromani Akali Dal,Shiv Sena,Samajwadi Party,Rashtriya Janata Dal,Janata Dal Secular,Jharkhand Mukti Morcha,Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam,Kerala Congress,Jammu &Kashmir National Conference,Indian Union Muslim League,AIMIM,and the Nationalist Congress Party are all dominated by families,mostly those of the party founders.
Iqbal Ahmed Saradgi is an Indian Politician and former member of the 14th Lok Sabha and former member of Karnataka Legislative Council for the term 2014 to 2020. He is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) political party.
M. Rajasekara Murthy was an Indian politician,who was a member 7th Lok Sabha the lower house of the Indian Parliament from the Lok Sabha constituency of Mysore in Karnataka. He also participated in the Freedom Struggle.
Members of the 15th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2009 general election in India. It was dissolved on 18 May 2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee.
Ghanshyam Chhotalal Oza was the Chief Minister of Gujarat,India from 17 March 1972 to 17 July 1973. He had a B.A. and L.L.B. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saurashtra State from 1948 to 1956. He later became a member of the Legislative Assembly of Bombay state in 1956. He was a member of the Lok Sabha from 1957 to 1967 and again from 1971 to 1972. Later,he was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 10 April 1978 to 9 April 1984. He was a member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly from 1972-74. He was a minister (1952–56) in U. N. Dhebar ministry when 'United State of Kathiawar' was formed. He became M.P. in 1957 when he won Lok Sabha seat from Surendra Nagar. In a very closely contested Loksabha election of Rajkot constituency in 1971,Ghanshyam Oza defeated Minoo Masani of the and became a minister in the cabinet of PM Indira Gandhi.
The Central Legislative Assembly was the lower house of the Imperial Legislative Council,the legislature of British India. It was created by the Government of India Act 1919,implementing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. It was also sometimes called the Indian Legislative Assembly and the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The Council of State was the upper house of the legislature for India.
M. Muhammad Ismail was an Indian politician and social worker from southern Indian state Tamil Nadu. he was a founder of the Indian Union Muslim League party after the partition of British India. He was popularly known in Tamil Nadu and Kerala as the "Quaid-e-Millat" .. Ismail was a member of Madras Legislative Assembly and Leader of the Opposition (1946—52). He was also a member (1948—50) of the Constituent Assembly,the drafting body of the constitution of India. He was also a member of Rajya Sabha (1952—58) and Lok Sabha.
Sarojini Bindurao Mahishi was an Indian teacher,lawyer,activist and politician. She was the first woman Member of Parliament from the State of Karnataka,who represented the constituency Dharwad North for four terms between 1962 and 1980. In 1983 she was elected to the Rajya Sabha as member of the Janata Party.
Manubhai Shah was an Indian politician who played an important political and developmental role in independent India for over half a century. He was the inugural minister of Ministry of Heavy Industries.
Nidemane Somana was an Indian politician and lawyer. He was an Indian National Congress leader in Coorg State and served as the Member of Parliament for the state in the first legislature after the independence of India.
Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament,representing Gauhati,Assam in the Lok Sabha the lower house of India's Parliament as a member of the Indian National Congress. He was also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.
Syed Mazhar Imam was an Indian politician and Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1946 and Member of Rajya Sabha from 1952 to 1956 and from 1956 to 1962.
Tajamul Husain was an Indian politician,Member of the Constituent Assembly and two times member of Rajya Sabha from 1952 to 1956 and from 1956 to 1962. In 1948,he was member of the Indian delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Conference.
Kolur Basavanagoud was an Indian politician,educationist,and industrialist who served as a member of the Indian Parliament in the 13th Lok Sabha from the Bellary Lok Sabha constituency. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.
Indian National Congress