The fare adjustment mechanism is a system regulating the fare increment of public utilities, including the Mass Transit Railway Corporation Limited (MTR). Under the mechanism, adjustment of MTR fare no longer need to be approved by the Legislative Council nor the Executive Council. The MTR has no autonomy in its fare setting, and the fare has to be set in accordance with a fixed formula. Originally, the mechanism aims to limit the soaring MTR fare increment by a transparent formulaic approach. However, Hong Kong has recorded continuous inflation in recent years, the MTR fare has then kept rising since 2010. Such phenomenon was greatly criticised by the general public.
The discussion of the merger started early in 2004, after KCR won MTR over the Shatin to Central Link (SCL) deal. After two-year negotiations, the government signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with MTR on 11 April 2006, listing the changes with respect to the merger: (only some of them were listed here).[1]
MTR would get the KCR system Service Concession for 50 years, and KCR would get one-time payment of $4.25 billion, and $750 million plus variable profits from KCR system operation each year
Fare Reduction on first day of merger, benefiting 2.8 million passengers; at least 10% reduction on trips cost at least $12
No price markup until 30 June 2009 (for 2 years after merger)
An ‘objective and transparent' fare adjustment mechanism (FAM) will be introduced
The merger package, however, still required the approval of Legislative Council on the changes of the MTR and KCR ordinance (the Rail Merger Ordinance), and also the agreement of minority shareholders of MTRC (the Government did not vote as it has conflict of interest in this issue) to finalize the merger. Those processes and then the merger completed in 2007.
Negotiation of the mechanism
The 'Objective and transparent' fare adjustment mechanism mentioned above was one of the five aims of the Government on the merger. This was stated clearly in 2004 that the government invited both railway companies to discuss the possible package.[2] MTR and KCR gave a Joint report in September that they agreed on the possibility of having a package that could fulfil the five objectives.
Previously, the right for adjustment of fares held on both companies. The fare autonomy, however, would be replaced by system that could reflect the economic situation. General public expressed their concern towards the unclear mechanism behind both companies. Worries also came from the companies that pressure from public would cause fare rise after dropping to be difficult. Agreement was reached that an equation consisted of data accessible to public (to be mentioned below) was adopted to be ‘objective and transparent’.[3]
The whole negotiation of the merger package, including the fare adjustment system, between the Government and MTR began after the submission of joint report. However the negotiation details were in secret as negotiation ‘involves commercially sensitive information relating to the operation of the two railway corporations, including MTRCL which is a listed company’[4] as claimed in government documents to LegCo. The news is only leaked by some media in advance.[5] Nevertheless, the Government did mention that the merger terms should ‘strike a balance between the interests of different stakeholders, including the travelling public, staff, taxpayers and MTRCL’s minority shareholders’.[6]
Timeline
Time
Event
June 2002
The Government announced examination on merger possibility[7]
24 February 2004
The Government invited MTR and KCR to discuss details of possible merger based on 5 objectives[8]
September 2004
MTR and KCR submitted joint proposal on merger package fitting 5 objectives[9]
11 April 2006
Executive Council approved the merger, Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed between the Government with MTR [10]
Merger Package passed with 82.3% agreement by minority shareholders of MTRC [12]
2 December 2007
Merger completed, KCR no longer operated railway; Immediate price reduction[13]
30 June 2009
End of ‘non-adjusting price’ period, fare adjustment started depending on the mechanism[14]
13 June 2010
First fare adjustment based on the mechanism came on effect (+2.05%) [15]
Details
The fare adjustment mechanism is a direct-drive formula that takes changes in the Composite Consumer Price Index (CCPI), the Nominal Wage Index (NWI), and a predetermined productivity factor into account. And, the formula is as follows:
Overall Fare Adjustment Rate = 0.5 x Change in CCPI + 0.5 x Change in NWI – Productivity Factor
The government claimed that the adoption of CCPI and NWI tries to align fare adjustments with economic conditions and transportation sectors’ wage levels. As the CCPI reflects the macroeconomic environment and public affordability; whereas the NWI reflects MTR's non- managerial staff cost.
While, the productivity factor is set at zero percent before 2013, and will have a value of 0.1% starting from the 6th years took into consideration of the general reduction of MTR fares on the day of the merger in 2007. In other words, the MTR was returning the initial productivity. The 0.1% productivity factor has been so determined taking into account of the fact that the scope for productivity gain would be limited due to heavy investment by the merging of the MTR, especially when the railway network is expanding.
The mechanism is applicable to all the Controlled Fares including:
(a) Adult, Elder, Student and Child fares for one way journeys on all MTR lines, excluding the Airport Express but including Airport Workers’ fares;
(b) East Rail Line First Class Premium fares; and
(c) all Light Rail and MTR Bus fares.
According to the Operating Agreement between the Government and MTR, MTR is required to provide two independent third party certificates proving that the fare adjustments are in compliance with the mechanism. MTR is also required to formally inform the Panel on the Legislative Council and the Transport Advisory Committee three weeks before the implementation of the new fares in June every year. If the outcome of the calculations on the overall adjustment under the formula is within the range of ±1.5%, there shall be no overall fare adjustment of the MTR.
Result of the mechanism
The mechanism has been successfully implemented in 2009 and proposed a 0.7% increase in the fare according to the calculation of the formula. However, the MTR fare remained unchanged in 2009 since the outcome stayed within the range of ±1.5%. The effect shall be carried over to the next year and subjected to annual review.
On 25 March 2010, According to the mechanism, the adjustments in MTR fare will be decided by the Composite Consumer Price index as of December 2009 and the nominal wage indices of the transportation sectors. The Census and Statistics Department has announced the former indicator was 1.3% while the latter was 1.4%, combined the effect from last year, the overall increase in MTR fare will be (1.35% + 0.7%) = 2.05%. The first adjustment was in effect on 13 June 2010.
On 24 March 2011, According to the Census and Statistics Department, the Composite Consumer Price Index in 2010 has increased by 3.1% compared with the same quarter/ month in 2009. The data was later reduced to 2.9% due to the modification of the component of the Composite Consumer Price Index.[16] The percentage change of the nominal wage indices of the transportation sector in 2010 is +1.5% compared to December 2009. The percentage increase in MTR fare in 2011 will be 2.2% and was effective since 19 June 2011.
On 26 March 2012, with reference to the data issued by the Census and Statistics Department, the proposed increase in the fare shall be 5.4% and effective since 17 June 2012
On 26 March 2013, a new term called ‘Productivity Factor’ has been added to the formula of the adjustment mechanism, the value of the factor was set to be -0.1% according to the MTR KCR merger Bill. The value of the factor was then revised up to -0.6% in April 2013 during the review of the MTR fare mechanism in order to further alleviate the financial burden of the passengers. Overall, the CCPI was +3.7% and NWI is +2.9% in 2012 and the proposed increase in MTR fare shall be 2.7% and effective since 30 June 2013.
On 27 March 2014, with reference to the data issued by the Census and Statistics Department, after deducting 0.6% from the productivity factor, the proposed increase in the fare shall be 3.6% and effective since 29 June 2014.
On 27 March 2015, with reference to the data issued by the Census and Statistics Department, after deducting 0.6% from the productivity factor, the proposed increase in the fare shall be 4.3% and effective since 21 June 2015.
On 21 January 2016, according to the Census and Statistics Department, the CCPI in 2015 has increased by 2.5% and then revised to 2.4% due to the modification of the component of the CCPI. The percentage change of the NWI of the transportation sector in 2010 is +4.1% compared to December 2015. The percentage increase in MTR fare in 2016 will be 2.65% and was effective since 26 June 2016.
The Government has reviewed the fare adjustment mechanism with the MTR in 2013. According to the report from Legislative Council, there are two main purposes for introducing a new fare adjustment mechanism, which are:
(1) incorporating new considerations, such as the profitability of company, performance and affordability of the public into the fare adjustment formula.
(2) alleviating the fare burden on medium to long-distance passengers.
The MTR introduced various measures and arrangements in June 2013, in order to cater needs of different passengers. These measures include:
(1) changing the Productivity Factor value in the objective method. Under this new calculation, the Productivity Factor value was increased from by using a more transparent and 0.1% to 0.6%. As a result, the percentage increase of the fare at 2013 is reduced by 0.5%, from +3.2% to +2.7%;
(2) introducing an affordability cap which will be changed according to the Median Monthly Household Income (MMHI). The fare adjustment rate can not exceed the percentage change of MMHI in the same year.
(3) introducing “service performance" arrangement, which means that the MTR have to pay a penalty charge for its bad performance. The sum collected through this arrangement and the new “profit-sharing” mechanism will be returned to the passengers by a "10% Same Day Second Trip Discount" scheme. Also, the MTR introduces new types of passes for frequent passengers who travel from medium to long-distance. The government claimed that the adjusted mechanism and those arrangements enable the MTR to maintain the financial stability while bearing the social responsibility.
Public criticism of the mechanism
There are criticisms towards the review of the mechanism in 2013. Although the MTR set a cap on the fares in accordance with the MMHI, the exceed percentage is allowed to recoup in the following years. The arrangement appears to be a discount for the passenger, however, it just stops the steep rises each year by distributing the fare rise into several years.[18]
The major criticism of the mechanism is that it provides a legitimate reason for the MTR to raise fare, regardless of its own social responsibility and also the affordability of passengers. Although the MTR Corporation is a listed company and should theoretically consider the interests of their shareholders only, the HKSAR government holds a 76% shares in it. And it could actually play a more active role in the pricing policies of the MTR. While the MTR is getting a net profit of around $15 billion every years as the city's sole operator of railway services, subsidised with property development income, the fares never stop increasing since 2009, which is considered as unacceptable in the eye of public.
Worse still, there is always a vicious cycle working within the mechanism. The fare increase would affect other transportation companies, such as The Kowloon Motor Bus and the mini buses companies.[19] When the cost of transportation in general increases, the Composite Consumer Price index, as a major component in the whole mechanism will also increase, which lead to a fare rise again at the end. As Dr Hung Wing-tat from Polytechnic University concludes, ‘Government, despite its promise, had failed to take affordability for the public and the railway's profitability into account in the new system.’ [20]
The Mass Transit Railway is a major public transport network serving Hong Kong. Operated by the MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL), it consists of heavy rail, light rail, and feeder bus service centred on an 11-line rapid transit network serving the urbanised areas of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories. The system included 230.9 km (143.5 mi) of rail in 2018 with 163 stations, including 95 heavy rail stations and 68 light rail stops. The MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world; it had a farebox recovery ratio of 187 per cent in 2015, the world's highest. The MTR was ranked the number one metro system in the world by CNN in 2017.
The Kowloon–Canton Railway was a railway network in Hong Kong. It is owned, and was operated by the Kowloon–Canton Railway Corporation until 2007. It provided rapid transit services, a light rail system and feeder bus routes within Hong Kong, and intercity passenger and freight train services to Mainland China.
The Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation was established in 1982 under the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation Ordinance for the purposes of operating the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR), and to construct and operate other new railways. On 2 December 2007, the MTR Corporation Limited, another railway operator in Hong Kong, took over the operation of the KCR network under a 50-year service concession agreement, which can be extended. Under the service concession, KCRC retains ownership of the KCR network with the MTR Corporation Limited making annual payments to KCRC for the right to operate the network. The KCRC is wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong and its activities are governed by the KCRC Ordinance as amended in 2007 by the Rail Merger Ordinance to enable the service concession agreement to be entered into with the MTR Corporation Limited.
The West Rail line is a rapid transit line that forms part of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system in Hong Kong. Coloured magenta on the MTR map, the line in its current form runs from Tuen Mun to Hung Hom, a total distance of 35.7 kilometres (22.2 mi), in 37 minutes. The railway connects the urban area of Kowloon and the new towns of Yuen Long, Tin Shui Wai and Tuen Mun in the northwestern New Territories.
The Light Rail, also known as the Light Rail Transit (LRT), is a light rail system in Hong Kong, serving the northwestern New Territories, within Tuen Mun District and Yuen Long District. The system operates over 1,435 mmstandard gauge gauge track, using 750 V DC overhead power supply. It was once one of four systems comprising the KCR network in Hong Kong. It has a daily ridership of about 483,000 people.
Nam Cheong is a MTR interchange station located at ground level beneath West Kowloon Highway, in Sham Shui Po, Hong Kong opposite the Fu Cheong Estate. It is served by the Tung Chung Line and West Rail Line and provides cross-platform interchange between platform 1 and platform 4. The livery of Nam Cheong Station is pale yellow green.
The East Rail line is one of eleven rapid transit lines of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system in Hong Kong. It used to be one of the three lines of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) network. It was known as the KCR British Section (九廣鐵路英段) from 1910 to 1996, and the KCR East Rail (九廣東鐵) from 1996 to 2007. The East Rail was the only railway line of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) before the construction of KCR West Rail.
MTR Corporation Limited is a majority state-owned Hong Kong company listed on the Hong Kong Exchange, and a component of Hang Seng Index. The MTR Corporation runs Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway (MTR), and is also a major property developer and landlord in Hong Kong. The MTR additionally invests in railways across different parts in the world, including franchised contracts to operate rapid transit systems in London, Sweden, Beijing, Hangzhou, Macau, Shenzhen, Melbourne, and Sydney.
East Tsim Sha Tsui is a station of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system of Hong Kong. It is currently an intermediate station on the West Rail line.
Admiralty is a Mass Transit Railway (MTR) station located on Hong Kong Island, in an area often referred to as Admiralty. The station's livery is blue, white and yellow. The station connects the Tsuen Wan line with the Island line and the South Island line. Before the opening of the Tsuen Wan branch line in 1982, it was part of the Kwun Tong line.
Kowloon Tong is a station on MTR's Kwun Tong Line and East Rail Line in New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The station serves Kowloon Tong and its vicinity, including Yau Yat Tsuen, the Festival Walk shopping centre, City University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist University.
Sha Tin, formerly known as Sha Tin Railway Station is a station on the East Rail Line of Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system. The station is located in the town centre of Sha Tin.
MTR Bus is a public bus service in Hong Kong operated by the MTR Corporation. It serves the northwestern part of the New Territories. Also known as MTR Feeder Bus, it comprises a network of 15 feeder bus routes for the convenience of passengers using the MTR rapid transit network. The routes provide access to and between many MTR stations on the East Rail line, West Rail line and Light Rail.
The Sha Tin to Central Link is an expansion of the MTR rapid transit network currently under construction in Hong Kong. It is divided into two sections.
The East Rail line Metro Cammell EMU(Chinese: 港鐵中期翻新列車) is a model of electric multiple unit built by Metro-Cammell for the original Kowloon-Canton Railway in Hong Kong. The 29 sets are owned by and were originally operated by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC). They have been operated by MTR Corporation (MTRC) after it merged with KCRC in 2007. Although another set of EMU trains from the same manufacturer operate on some of MTR's own lines, there are some significant differences between the two models, with the Metro Cammell EMUs of the original MTR being known as the Modernization Train.
Two Hong Kong railway companies merged in 2007: the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) and the Mass Transit Railway (MTR).
The Tuen Ma line is a rapid transit line that forms part of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system in Hong Kong. Coloured brown on the MTR map, the line in its current form, designated as Tuen Ma Line Phase 1, runs from Kai Tak to Wu Kai Sha. When fully operational, the line will be 57 kilometres (35 mi) in length, making it the longest line of the entire MTR network. It will have a total of 27 stations, more than any other in the MTR system.
Hong Kong's rail network mainly comprises public transport trains operated by the MTR Corporation Limited (MTRC). The MTRC operates the metro network of Hong Kong and the commuter rail network connecting the northeastern and northwestern New Territories to the urban area. The operations of the territory's two leading railway companies, MTRC and the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC), were merged in 2007 on grounds of economies of scale and cost effectiveness. The Hong Kong Government has an explicit stated transport policy of using the railway as its transport backbone.
The Hyundai Rotem EMU is an upcoming model of heavy rail electric multiple units to be used on the Mass Transit Railway in Hong Kong. The 9-car sets are manufactured by Hyundai Rotem for the future North South Corridor, an extension of the East Rail Line, at a cost of HK$4 billion. 37 trainsets were ordered in December 2012 and the first delivery took place in 2015. All trainsets will be in service by 2020 in time for the opening of the Sha Tin to Central Link, by which time all Metro Cammell EMUs will be retired and SP1900 EMUs withdrawn and reassigned to the East West Corridor.
The Kwun Tong line extension is an extension of the MTR rapid transit network in Hong Kong. It extends the existing train service of Kwun Tong line to Ho Man Tin station and Whampoa station. It began the construction on 25 July 2011 and opened for service on 23 October 2016.
References
↑ Environment, Transport and Works Bureau, ‘KEY TERMS OF MTRCL’S FINAL PROPOSAL FOR THE RAIL MERGER’, accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau,‘Merger of MTR and Kowloon-Canton Railway Systems - Proposed Way Forward’, accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau,‘Merger of MTR and Kowloon-Canton Railway Systems - Proposed Way Forward’, accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau,‘Progress of the discussions on possible rail merger’, accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ 「承包形式接管 行會 12 月拍板 兩鐵合併後將全面減價」, Apple Daily, Oct 28, 2005. accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ Environment, Transport and Works Bureau Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau,‘Progress of the discussions on possible rail merger’, accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ Transport and Housing Bureau, "Public Consultation on the Review of the MTR Fare Adjustment Mechanism", May 2016, accessed December 03, 2016,
↑ MTR, ‘Overall Fare Adjustment Rate for MTR Fares in 2011 Lowered to +2.2%’, accessed Nov 27 2016,
↑ Transport and Housing Bureau, ‘Public Consultation on the Review of the MTR fare adjustment mechanism’, May 2016, accessed December 03, 2016,
↑ "MTR Corp's New Fare Mechanism System a Missed Opportunity." South China Morning Post. April 30, 2013. Accessed December 03, 2016.
↑ Violetta Yau, "MTR Fare Hike Plan a Wrong Move, May Start Vicious Circle," MTR Fare Hike Plan a Wrong Move, May Start Vicious Circle - Columnist - China Daily Asia, accessed December 03, 2016, .
↑ "New Fare System Could Have Saved MTR HK$1.53 Billion," South China Morning Post, accessed December 03, 2016, .
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