Magnetic nanoring

Last updated

Magnetic Nanorings are a form of magnetic nanoparticles, typically made of iron oxide in the shape of a ring. They have multiple applications in the medical field and computer engineering. In experimental trials, they provide a more localized form of cancer treatment by attacking individual cells instead of a general cancerous region of the body, as well as a clearer image of tumors by improving accuracy of cancer cell identification. [1] [2] They also allow for a more efficient and smaller, MRAM (memory storage unit in a computer), which helps reduce the size of the technology houses it. [3] Magnetic nanorings can be produced in various compositions, shapes, and sizes by using hematite nanorings as the base structure. [4]

Contents

Applications

Cancer treatment

Magnetic nanorings have been experimentally proven to improve the accuracy of hyperthermia cancer treatment and cancer imaging. [1] [2]

Hyperthermia Cancer Treatment

Multiple studies have shown that magnetic nanorings improves magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment by targeting cancer cells and limit the amount of environmental heating, thus creating a more tailored treatment. [1]

Magnetic hyperthermia is an experimental subdivision of hyperthermia cancer treatment which utilizes cancer cells' vulnerability to high temperatures, typically 40-44 degrees Celsius, to initiate cell death. [5] [6] Magnetic hyperthermia utilizes heating properties of magnetic hysteresis by injecting magnetic nanoparticles to the cancerous area, then applies an alternating magnetic field to conduct heat. [5] [6] The use of magnetic nanoparticles is particularly useful because it can reach regions of the body that surface treatments (such as microwaves, ultrasounds, and radiation) cannot, and it can remain in the cancerous region for an extended period of time allowing for multiple treatment sessions per injection. [5] [6] In addition, there is easy control of the amount of heat based on size and shape of the magnetic nanoparticle, and it can temporarily bond with antibodies for effective targeting of the tumor. [5] [6] While there may be concern regarding acute toxicity from the use of foreign metals, the dose is well below the acute toxicity range, and studies have suggested it is safer than other methods because of its accuracy and effectiveness within a lower temperature range. [5] [6]

Studies have also shown that magnetic nanoring based hyperthermia treatment can be used in conjunction with immune blockade checkpoint techniques, which is a way to trigger the body's immune system to attack the cancerous region. [6] [7] Specifically, inducing the Fenton Reaction can more effectively kill cancer cells and prevent new ones from growing. [6] [7] The Fenton Reaction, a reaction involving iron ions, functions by transforming the acidic cancerous environment into an inhospitable basic environment for cancer cells. Consequently, iron-containing magnetic nanorings are particularly useful for cancer treatment. [7]

Past methods of magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment used Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) in the shape of a sphere which would nonspecifically heat the environment around the tumor killing healthy cells. [1] In comparison, Vortex Iron oxide Particles (VIPs), a magnetic nanoring, allows for more controlled and precise intracellular hyperthermia. [1] Intracellular hyperthermia occurs when the VIP enters the cell and heats up from the inside allowing for an even more specified form of hyperthermia. [1] VIPs can also produce a magnetic vortex, which is when the magnetic moments (measure of intensity and direction of magnetism) of the VIPs occur in a curling-inward direction under an alternating magnetic field. [1] The curling-inward direction of the magnetic moments causes heat production only within the vortex, allowing for a more efficient and less harmful form of treatment. [1]

Cancer Imaging

Magnetic nanorings have shown to create clearer MRIs and photoacoustic images of tumors in experiments. [2] This form of magnetic nanoring contains gold and is shaped like a wreath. [2] Once again, the magnetic nanoring more effectively identifies cancer cells than previous methods because the wreath shape will disassemble in response to a magnetic field and high levels of glutathione, a chemical specifically found in cancer cells, which allows for higher-contrast imaging. [2]

MRAM

Magnetic nanorings are used in MRAM (magnetic random access memory) because of its capabilities to rapidly switch currents. [3] Magnetic nanorings replaced GMR (giant magnetoresistance) particles in the CIMS (current induced magnetization switching) of MRAM because the long ovular or rectangular shape of GMR would cause interference with neighboring GMR. [3] [8] This interference would create magnetic noise, thus decreasing the effectiveness of MRAM. [3] [8] In comparison, the symmetrical structure of magnetic nanorings reduces the interactions with neighboring nanorings, thus creating a more consistent and reliable MRAM. [3] [8] The smaller size of the nanorings also allows for decreased power consumption and the creation of a more compact MRAM, ultimately decreasing the size of electronics. [3]

Synthesis

Magnetic nanorings are created through hydrothermal synthesis (a synthesis reaction that occurs at high temperatures) with microwaves to facilitate a faster reaction rate. [9]

(Hematite)

Almost all forms of magnetic nanorings are formed by modifying hematite(), which is created by combining aqueous iron(III)chloride and aqueous ammonium dihydrogen phosphate at 220 degree Celsius. [9] [4] Altering the amount of reactants controls the shape and size of the produced hematite. [4]

and

is produced by combining hematite with hydrogen gas at 420 degrees Celsius for 120 minutes. [4]

is produced by cooling to 210 degrees Celsius with air for 120 minutes. [4]

M is a metal with a 2+ charge, such as Co, Mn, Ni, and Cu. is produced by mixing with an aqueous solution with metal ions and hydroxide ions at 60 degrees Celsius, then a metal hydroxide( ) coating forms on top of the hematite. [4] The hematite with a metal hydroxide coating is then heated at 300 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes with hydrogen gas, and then heated again at 720 degrees Celsius for 3 hours with air to form . [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acid</span> Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.

Experimental cancer treatments are mainstream medical therapies intended to treat cancer by improving on, supplementing or replacing conventional methods. However, researchers are still trying to determine whether these treatments are safe and effective treatments. Experimental cancer treatments are normally available only to people who participate in formal research programs, which are called clinical trials. Occasionally, a seriously ill person may be able to access an experimental drug through an expanded access program. Some of the treatments have regulatory approval for treating other conditions. Health insurance and publicly funded health care programs normally refuse to pay for experimental cancer treatments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hematite</span> Common iron oxide mineral

Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe2O3 and is widely found in rocks and soils. Hematite crystals belong to the rhombohedral lattice system which is designated the alpha polymorph of Fe
2O
3. It has the same crystal structure as corundum (Al
2O
3) and ilmenite (FeTiO
3). With this it forms a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicon dioxide</span> Oxide of silicon

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product. Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, opal and aerogels. It is used in structural materials, microelectronics, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carboxylation, the addition of CO2 to a compound. Enzymes that catalyze decarboxylations are called decarboxylases or, the more formal term, carboxy-lyases (EC number 4.1.1).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3. It is one of the three main oxides of iron, the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare; and iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), which also occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite. As the mineral known as hematite, Fe2O3 is the main source of iron for the steel industry. Fe2O3 is readily attacked by acids. Iron(III) oxide is often called rust, and to some extent this label is useful, because rust shares several properties and has a similar composition; however, in chemistry, rust is considered an ill-defined material, described as Hydrous ferric oxide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferrimagnetism</span> Type of magnetic phenomenon

A ferrimagnetic material is a material that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments, as in antiferromagnetism, but these moments are unequal in magnitude so a spontaneous magnetization remains. This can for example occur when the populations consist of different atoms or ions (such as Fe2+ and Fe3+).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha process</span> Nuclear fusion reaction

The alpha process, also known as the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements, the other being the triple-alpha process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron oxide</span> Class of chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen

Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. All are black magnetic solids. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maghemite</span> Iron oxide with a spinel ferrite structure

Maghemite (Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3) is a member of the family of iron oxides. It has the same spinel ferrite structure as magnetite and is also ferrimagnetic. It is sometimes spelled as "maghaemite".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(II,III) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Iron(II,III) oxide is the chemical compound with formula Fe3O4. It occurs in nature as the mineral magnetite. It is one of a number of iron oxides, the others being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare, and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) which also occurs naturally as the mineral hematite. It contains both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and is sometimes formulated as FeO ∙ Fe2O3. This iron oxide is encountered in the laboratory as a black powder. It exhibits permanent magnetism and is ferrimagnetic, but is sometimes incorrectly described as ferromagnetic. Its most extensive use is as a black pigment. For this purpose, it is synthesized rather than being extracted from the naturally occurring mineral as the particle size and shape can be varied by the method of production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single displacement reaction</span> Type of chemical reaction

A single-displacement reaction, also known as single replacement reaction or exchange reaction, is a chemical reaction in which one element is replaced by another in a compound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pourbaix diagram</span> Plot of thermodynamically stable phases of an aqueous electrochemical system

In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, EH–pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases of an aqueous electrochemical system. Boundaries (50 %/50 %) between the predominant chemical species are represented by lines. As such a Pourbaix diagram can be read much like a standard phase diagram with a different set of axes. Similarly to phase diagrams, they do not allow for reaction rate or kinetic effects. Beside potential and pH, the equilibrium concentrations are also dependent upon, e.g., temperature, pressure, and concentration. Pourbaix diagrams are commonly given at room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and molar concentrations of 10−6 and changing any of these parameters will yield a different diagram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide</span> Chemical compound

Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide or ferric oxyhydroxide is the chemical compound of iron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula FeO(OH).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron nanoparticle</span>

Nanoscale iron particles are sub-micrometer particles of iron metal. They are highly reactive because of their large surface area. In the presence of oxygen and water, they rapidly oxidize to form free iron ions. They are widely used in medical and laboratory applications and have also been studied for remediation of industrial sites contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperthermia therapy</span>

Hyperthermia therapy(or hyperthermia, or thermotherapy) is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to temperatures above body temperature, in the region of 40–45 °C (104–113 °F). Hyperthermia is usually applied as an adjuvant to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, to which it works as a sensitizer, in an effort to treat cancer.

Magnetic nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using magnetic fields. Such particles commonly consist of two components, a magnetic material, often iron, nickel and cobalt, and a chemical component that has functionality. While nanoparticles are smaller than 1 micrometer in diameter, the larger microbeads are 0.5–500 micrometer in diameter. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters that are composed of a number of individual magnetic nanoparticles are known as magnetic nanobeads with a diameter of 50–200 nanometers. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters are a basis for their further magnetic assembly into magnetic nanochains. The magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in catalysis including nanomaterial-based catalysts, biomedicine and tissue specific targeting, antimicrobial agents, magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals, microfluidics, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, data storage, environmental remediation, nanofluids, optical filters, defect sensor, magnetic cooling and cation sensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron oxide nanoparticle</span>

Iron oxide nanoparticles are iron oxide particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 nanometers. The two main forms are magnetite and its oxidized form maghemite. They have attracted extensive interest due to their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields.

Magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery is a means in which magnetic particles such as iron oxide nanoparticles are a component of a delivery vehicle for magnetic drug delivery, due to the simplicity with which the particles can be drawn to (external) magnetopuissant targets. Magnetic nanoparticles can impart imaging and controlled release capabilities to drug delivery materials such as micelles, liposomes, and polymers.

Combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy is an oncological treatment that combines various tumor-ablation techniques with immunotherapy treatment. Combining ablation therapy of tumors with immunotherapy enhances the immunostimulating response and has synergistic effects for curative metastatic cancer treatment. Various ablative techniques are utilized including cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, laser ablation, photodynamic ablation, stereotactic radiation therapy, alpha-emitting radiation therapy, hyperthermia therapy, HIFU. Thus, combinatorial ablation of tumors and immunotherapy is a way of achieving an autologous, in-vivo tumor lysate vaccine and treating metastatic disease.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dias, Carlos S. B.; Hanchuk, Talita D. M.; Wender, Heberton; Shigeyosi, Willian T.; Kobarg, Jörg; Rossi, André L.; Tanaka, Marcelo N.; Cardoso, Mateus B.; Garcia, Flávio (December 2017). "Shape Tailored Magnetic Nanorings for Intracellular Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 14843. Bibcode:2017NatSR...714843D. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14633-0 . ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5665982 . PMID   29093500.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, Yijing; Yang, Zhen; Huang, Xiaolin; Yu, Guocan; Wang, Sheng; Zhou, Zijian; Shen, Zheyu; Fan, Wenpei; Liu, Yi; Davisson, Matthew; Kalish, Heather (2018-08-28). "Glutathione-Responsive Self-Assembled Magnetic Gold Nanowreath for Enhanced Tumor Imaging and Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy". ACS Nano. 12 (8): 8129–8137. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b02980. ISSN   1936-0851. PMID   30001110. S2CID   51619099.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Han, X. F.; Wen, Z. C.; Wang, Y.; Liu, H. F.; Wei, H. X.; Liu, D. P. (October 2011). "Nanoelliptic Ring-Shaped Magnetic Tunnel Junction and Its Application in MRAM Design With Spin-Polarized Current Switching". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 47 (10): 2957–2961. Bibcode:2011ITM....47.2957H. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2011.2159370. ISSN   0018-9464. S2CID   32263360.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fan, Hai-Ming; Yi, Jia-Bao; Yang, Yi; Kho, Kiang-Wei; Tan, Hui-Ru; Shen, Ze-Xiang; Ding, Jun; Sun, Xiao-Wei; Olivo, Malini Carolene; Feng, Yuan-Ping (2009-09-22). "Single-Crystalline MFe 2 O 4 Nanotubes/Nanorings Synthesized by Thermal Transformation Process for Biological Applications". ACS Nano. 3 (9): 2798–2808. doi:10.1021/nn9006797. ISSN   1936-0851. PMID   19711908.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Périgo, E. A.; Hemery, G.; Sandre, O.; Ortega, D.; Garaio, E.; Plazaola, F.; Teran, F. J. (December 2015). "Fundamentals and advances in magnetic hyperthermia". Applied Physics Reviews. 2 (4): 041302. arXiv: 1510.06383 . Bibcode:2015ApPRv...2d1302P. doi:10.1063/1.4935688. ISSN   1931-9401. S2CID   53355982.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Liu, Xiaoli; Zheng, Jianjun; Sun, Wei; Zhao, Xiao; Li, Yao; Gong, Ningqiang; Wang, Yanyun; Ma, Xiaowei; Zhang, Tingbin; Zhao, Ling-Yun; Hou, Yayi (2019-07-22). "Ferrimagnetic Vortex Nanoring-Mediated Mild Magnetic Hyperthermia Imparts Potent Immunological Effect for Treating Cancer Metastasis". ACS Nano. 13 (8): 8811–8825. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b01979. ISSN   1936-0851. PMID   31328922. S2CID   198132719.
  7. 1 2 3 Ranji-Burachaloo, Hadi; Gurr, Paul A.; Dunstan, Dave E.; Qiao, Greg G. (2018-12-26). "Cancer Treatment through Nanoparticle-Facilitated Fenton Reaction". ACS Nano. 12 (12): 11819–11837. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b07635. ISSN   1936-0851. PMID   30457834. S2CID   53779160.
  8. 1 2 3 Han, X. F.; Wen, Z. C.; Wei, H. X. (April 2008). "Nanoring magnetic tunnel junction and its application in magnetic random access memory demo devices with spin-polarized current switching (invited)". Journal of Applied Physics. 103 (7): 07E933. Bibcode:2008JAP...103gE933H. doi:10.1063/1.2839774. ISSN   0021-8979.
  9. 1 2 Hu, X.; Yu, J. C.; Gong, J.; Li, Q.; Li, G. (2007-09-03). "α-Fe2O3 Nanorings Prepared by a Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Process and Their Sensing Properties". Advanced Materials. 19 (17): 2324–2329. doi:10.1002/adma.200602176. S2CID   98346665.


    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.