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Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's fourth largest island, the second-largest island country and the 46th largest country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Antananarivo.
The history of Madagascar is distinguished clearly by the early isolation of the landmass from the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea, containing amongst others the African continent and the Indian subcontinent, and by the island's late colonization by human settlers from the Sunda islands and from East Africa. These two factors facilitated the evolution and survival of thousands of endemic plant and animal species, some of which have gone extinct or are currently threatened with extinction. Trade in the Indian Ocean at the time of first colonization of Madagascar was dominated by Indonesian ships, probably of Borobudur ship and K'un-lun po types.
Demographic features of the population of Madagascar include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
The highly diverse and distinctive music of Madagascar has been shaped by the musical traditions of Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania, Arabia, Portugal, England, France and the United States over time as indigenous people, immigrants, and colonists have made the island their home. Traditional instruments reflect these widespread origins: the mandoliny and kabosy owe their existence to the introduction of the guitar by early Arab or European seafarers, the ubiquitous djembe originated in mainland Africa and the valiha—the bamboo tube zither considered the national instrument of Madagascar—directly evolved from an earlier form of zither carried with the first Austronesian settlers on their outrigger canoes.
The Malagasy Uprising was a Malagasy nationalist rebellion against French colonial rule in Madagascar, lasting from March 1947 to February 1949. Starting in late 1945, Madagascar's first French National Assembly deputies, Joseph Raseta, Joseph Ravoahangy and Jacques Rabemananjara of the Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache (MDRM) political party, led an effort to achieve independence for Madagascar through legal channels. The failure of this initiative and the harsh response it drew from the Socialist Ramadier administration radicalized elements of the Malagasy population, including leaders of several militant nationalist secret societies.
Islam in Madagascar is a minority religion, with most Malagasy people adhering to Christianity. Due to the secular nature of Madagascar's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.
Sorabe or Sora-be is an abjad based on Arabic, formerly used to transcribe the Malagasy language and the Antemoro Malagasy dialect, dating from the 15th century.
The Central Bank of Madagascar is the central bank of Madagascar.
Malagasy cuisine encompasses the many diverse culinary traditions of the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar. Foods eaten in Madagascar reflect the influence of Southeast Asian, African, Oceanian, Indian, Chinese and European migrants that have settled on the island since it was first populated by seafarers from Borneo between 100 CE and 500 CE. Rice, the cornerstone of the Malagasy diet, was cultivated alongside tubers and other Southeast Asian and Oceanian staples by these earliest settlers. Their diet was supplemented by foraging and hunting wild game, which contributed to the extinction of the island's bird and mammal megafauna. These food sources were later complemented by beef in the form of zebu introduced into Madagascar by East African migrants arriving around 1,000 CE.
The culture of Madagascar reflects the origins of the Malagasy people in Southeast Asia, East Africa and Oceania. The influence of Arabs, Indians, British, French and Chinese settlers is also evident.
Chinese people in Madagascar are a minority ethnic group of Madagascar and form Africa's third largest overseas Chinese population with a population estimated at between 70,000 and 100,000 in 2011. They are divided between local Chinese population called "Sinoa zanatany" who arrived during the french colonization, speaking mostly malagasy dialects, located in eastern and southeastern part of Madagascar and post-colonial chinese migrants speaking mostly Mandarin who live mainly in the capital Antananarivo.
Benjamin Rabenorolahy was a Malagasy politician and pastor & son of pastor Ramalahy. He was the president of the Malagasy Lutheran Church for 16 years before 2004.
Malagasy is an Austronesian language and dialect continuum spoken in Madagascar. The standard variety, called Official Malagasy, is an official language of Madagascar alongside French.
Maanyan or Maʼanyan is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people living in the province of Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is most closely related to the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, although these languages are not mutually intelligible due to the geographical separation.
The Menalamba rebellion was an uprising in Madagascar by the Merina people that emerged in central Madagascar in response to the French capture of the royal palace in the capital city of Antananarivo in September 1895. it spread rapidly in 1896, threatening the capital, but French forces were successful in securing the surrender of many rebel groups in 1897. Elements of the rebellion continued sporadically until 1903. Menalamba rebels are mostly made of outlaws called "Fahavalo" led by Rabozaka and Rabezavana in the region of Anjozorobe between Alaotra lake and Betsiboka river and Rainibetsimisaraka in the region of Vakinankaratra.
The Malagasy Academy is a public institution in Madagascar responsible for the study of the country's culture and customs, including studies in Madagascar's linguistics, ethnology and sociology, as well as literary, artistic, historical, and scientific issues. It is Africa's oldest academy, established on 23 January 1902 by Joseph Gallieni, the first governor general of Madagascar. The academy shares its research in two publications: Bulletin de l'Académie Malgache and Mémoires de l'Académie Malgache. Between its inception and 2012, approximately 1,100 members had attended the institution, and as of 2012, it had 280 members, some of which were international. It hosts literary and scientific symposia, and also offers dictation and a science competitions.
The Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies was a French colony off the coast of Southeast Africa between 1897 and 1958 in what is now Madagascar. The colony was formerly a protectorate of France known as Malagasy Protectorate. The protectorate became a colony, following Queen Ranavalona III's exile to Réunion.
Mauritanians in France consist of migrants from Mauritania and their descendants living and working in France. They are one of the diasporas from Sub-Saharan Africa in France.
France–Madagascar relations are the diplomatic relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Madagascar. France controlled Madagascar beginning in 1895 until the islands nation's independence in 1960. Both nations are today members of the Francophonie and the United Nations.
Canada and Madagascar established diplomatic relations in 1965. In addition to their bilateral relations, both countries are full members of the Francophonie, United Nations and the World Trade Organization.
References
- 1 2 3 "La diaspora malgache a-t-elle une identité? Une communauté transparente difficile à caractériser", Madagascar Tribune, 2 September 2009, retrieved 2013-06-22
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