Manege Affair

Last updated

The Manege Affair was an episode when Nikita Khrushchev together with other Party leadership visited an anniversary art exhibition "30 Years of the Moscow Artists' Union" at Moscow Manege on December 1, 1962. It resulted in Khruschev's angry rant against "filth, decadence and sexual deviations" he saw along with the traditional works of Socialist Realism. After the visit, he arranged a campaign to tighten the grip of the Party over culture. This has been described as the beginning of the end of the Cultural Thaw in the Soviet Union. [1] The episode is covered in detail in the book Unofficial Art in the Soviet Union by Paul Sjeklocha and Igor Mead [2] and in other publications.

Contents

Individual encounters

Speaking to Ely Bielutin, the exhibition host, Khrushchev said: [3]

Don't you know how to paint? My grandson will paint it better! What is this? Are you men or damned pederasts!? How can you paint like that? Do you have a conscience? That's it, Belyutin, I'm telling you as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers: The Soviet people don't need all this. I'm telling you! Forbid! Prohibit everything! Stop this mess! I order! I say! And check everything! On the radio, on television, and in print, uproot all sympathizers of this!

Ülo Sooster's widow narrated:

"Khrushchev walked around the room, went up to Yulo's blue painting and asked: "What is this?" "A lunar landscape," Yulo answered. "Have you been there, asshole?" Khrushchev began to yell wildly. And Yulo answered: "That's how I imagine it." "I'll send you to the West, formalist, no, no, I'll deport you, no, I'll send you to a camp!" Khrushchev continued to rage. And Yulo answered: "I've already been there." Then Khrushchev said that no, he wouldn't deport him, but he would re-educate him." [4]

From many memoirs there is an impression that Krhuschev genuinely believed that it was an exibition of homosexualists (who were criminalized in the Soviet Union). A well-known example from the recollections of Ernst Neizvestny: Khrushchev asks Ernst: "Are you a pidaras (faggot)?" Ernst retorts, no, just give me a girl and I will show you. It looks like Khrushchev likes this answer. [5]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist realism</span> Soviet style of realistic art depicting communist values

Socialist realism was the official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union that mandated an idealized representation of life under socialism in literature and the visual arts. The doctrine was first proclaimed by the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934 as approved method for Soviet cultural production in all media. In the aftermath of World War II, socialist realism was adopted by the communist states that were politically aligned with the Soviet Union. The primary official objective of socialist realism was "to depict reality in its revolutionary development" although no formal guidelines concerning style or subject matter were provided.

Soviet nonconformist art was Soviet art produced in the former Soviet Union outside the control of the Soviet state started in the Stalinist era, in particular, outside of the rubric of Socialist Realism. Other terms used to refer to this phenomenon are Soviet counterculture, "underground art" or "unofficial art".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulldozer Exhibition</span> Unofficial Soviet art exposition

The Bulldozer Exhibition was an unofficial art exhibition on a vacant lot in the Belyayevo urban forest by Moscow and Leningrad avant-garde artists on 15 September 1974. The exhibition was forcefully broken-up by a large police force that included bulldozers and water cannons, hence the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Neizvestny</span> Soviet sculptor

Ernst Iosifovich Neizvestny was a Russian sculptor, painter, graphic artist, and art philosopher. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1976 and lived and worked in New York City.

Oleg Vassiliev was a Russian painter associated with the Soviet Nonconformist Art style. Vassiliev emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City in 1990 and later lived and worked in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Russian political jokes are a part of Russian humour and can be grouped into the major time periods: Imperial Russia, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. In the Soviet period political jokes were a form of social protest, mocking and criticising leaders, the system and its ideology, myths and rites. Quite a few political themes can be found among other standard categories of Russian joke, most notably Rabinovich jokes and Radio Yerevan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American National Exhibition</span> 1959 exhibition in Moscow

The American National Exhibition, held from July 25 to September 4, 1959, was an exhibition of American art, fashion, cars, capitalism, model homes and futuristic kitchens. Held at Sokolniki Park in Moscow, then capital of the Soviet Union, the exhibition attracted 3 million visitors during its six-week run. The Cold War event is historic for the "Kitchen Debate" between then-Vice President of the United States Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, held first at the model kitchen table, outfitted by General Electric, and then continued in the color television studio where it was broadcast to both countries, with each leader arguing the merits of his system, and a conversation that "escalated from washing machines to nuclear warfare."

Ülo Ilmar Sooster was an Estonian nonconformist painter.

Igor Chetvertkov is a Russian painter, draftsman, and theater designer. Chetvertkov started his career as a scenographer and has created sets for 50 performances. He has participated in 100 exhibitions both in Russia and abroad. In 1977 he graduated from Moscow College of Art with a degree in drama. Having studied under A. G. Tyshler, he worked in the workshop of S. B. Benediktov.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Igor Veselkin</span> Russian painter

Igor Petrovich Veselkin was a Russian Soviet realist painter, graphic artist, scenographer, stage designer, and art teacher, professor of the Repin Institute of Arts, who lived and worked in Saint Petersburg. He was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists, and regarded as one of the representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soviet art</span>

Soviet art is the visual art style produced after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and during the existence of the Soviet Union, until its collapse in 1991. The Russian Revolution led to an artistic and cultural shift within Russia and the Soviet Union as a whole, including a new focus on socialist realism in officially approved art.

The year 1960 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khrushchev Thaw</span> Period of Soviet history, 1950s-60s

The Khrushchev Thaw is the period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s when repression and censorship in the Soviet Union were relaxed due to Nikita Khrushchev's policies of de-Stalinization and peaceful coexistence with other nations. The term was coined after Ilya Ehrenburg's 1954 novel The Thaw ("Оттепель"), sensational for its time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Igor Vulokh</span> Russian artist (1938-2012)

Igor Vulokh was a Russian nonconformist artist of the 1960s, a leading exponent of abstraction in Russian art.

<i>All-Union art exhibition</i> (Moscow, 1957)

The All-Union Art Exhibition Dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution was one of the largest art exhibitions in Soviet history. Exhibition took place in Manezh Exhibition Hall from November 5, 1957, to May 1958.

<i>The Thaw</i> (novel) 1954 novel by Ilya Ehrenburg

The Thaw is a short novel by Ilya Ehrenburg first published in the spring 1954 issue of Novy Mir. It coined the name for the Khrushchev Thaw, the period of liberalization following the 1953 death of Stalin. The novel marked a break both from Ehrenburg's earlier purely pro-Soviet work, and from previous ideas about socialist realism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Andreeva (artist)</span> Russian textile designer

Anna Andreeva was a Russian textile designer. Andreeva was a leading artist at the Red Rose Silk Factory in Moscow from 1946 until 1984.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Igor Gubskiy</span> Ukrainian artist (1954–2022)

Igor Gubskiy was a Ukrainian artist, rated 4A in the United Art Rating with individual style and relevant price recommendation. Igor Gubskiy is one of the few artists noted by State Tretyakov Gallery, as a bright representative of the Ukrainian school of the XX century, together with Tatyana Yablonskaya and Andriy Kotska. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russian Federation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galina Osetsimskaya</span>

Galina Osetsimskaya was a collector of Soviet Nonconformist Art and Russian contemporary art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Russian avant-garde</span> Russian fine arts and poetry movement (1950s–1980s)

Second Russian avant-garde was a movement in Russian art, primarily in fine arts and poetry, which began in the mid-1950s and ended in the late 1980s. The movement's birth is associated with the Khrushchev Thaw and with the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1957 in Moscow. The concept was introduced into cultural circulation by Mikhail Grobman during his visit to the Tel Aviv Art Museum in the late 1950s, and by the late 1980s the term had become a solidified historical movement.

References

  1. Reid, Susan Emily (2005). "In the Name of the People: The Manege Affair Revisited". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 6 (4). Slavica Publishers: 673–716. doi:10.1353/kri.2005.0058. S2CID   159693587.
  2. Sjeklocha, Paul; Mead, Igor (1967). Unofficial Art in the Soviet Union . University of California Press. p.  100.
  3. "Манежный скандал" Хрущева (in Russian)
  4. Фёдор Ромер, "Рыбий глаз", Еженедельный Журнал, January 15, 2002 (online copy)
  5. Никита Хрущев, отец русского авангарда, Kommersant , December 16, 2002