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Margaret Clark-Williams (1910-1975) was an American psychoanalyst, who worked as a lay analyst in both France and England.
Having first come to France in her early twenties, Clark-Williams was subsequently analysed in the States by Raymond de Saussure; before returning to Paris after the second world war, studying psychology with Daniel Lagache, and finding (voluntary) work as a child therapist. [1]
A celebrated series of trial at the start of the fifties saw her right to practice therapeutically as a non-medic challenged in the French courts: after a first acquittal, she was on appeal fined a symbolic franc. [2]
For Le Figaro, it is a “quite curious case and the judgment of which will set a precedent”. On March 20, a police commissioner conducted a search ordered by the investigating judge at the home of Margaret Clark-Williams. The police report states that she “uses childish means”: “she has a house or a tree drawn and if there is no line at the bottom, she says that the child lacks a foundation!.[ clarification needed ] The question of the violation of professional secrecy during this search is raised, and through the recognition of professional acts, recognition that the investigating judge immediately denied by investigating the prosecution.[ clarification needed ] The Paris Psychoanalytic Society supported Margaret Clark-Williams, invited her to give a lecture and accepted her as a member in June 1950.
Although the ruling only related in her private, unsupervised practice of child therapy, Clark-Williams thereafter left France for England, with its more receptive stance towards lay analysis. [3]
Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, whose work stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939. In an encyclopedic article, he identified the cornerstones of psychoanalysis as "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex." Freud's colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung developed offshoots of psychoanalysis which they called individual psychology (Adler) and analytical psychology (Jung), although Freud himself wrote a number of criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions by neo-Freudian thinkers, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.
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Lynette Boggs-Perez is a former Republican politician in Clark County, Nevada, and Bexar County, Texas, and the winner of the Miss Oregon 1989 scholarship pageant. She went by the name of Lynette Boggs McDonald for most of her political career and returned to her maiden name after a 2007 divorce. She remarried in 2017 and both personally and professionally is known as Lynette Boggs-Perez.
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