The Association of American Publishers (AAP) is the national trade association of the American book publishing industry. AAP lobbies for book,journal and education publishers in the United States. AAP members include most of the major commercial publishers in the United States,as well as smaller and non-profit publishers,university presses and scholarly societies.
The United States Copyright Office (USCO),a part of the Library of Congress,is a United States government body that registers copyright claims,records information about copyright ownership,provides information to the public,and assists Congress and other parts of the government on a wide range of copyright issues. It maintains online records of copyright registration and recorded documents within the copyright catalog,which is used by copyright title researchers who are attempting to clear a chain of title for copyrighted works.
The Librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress,appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate,for a term of ten years. The Librarian of Congress also appoints and oversees the Register of Copyrights of the U.S. Copyright Office and has broad responsibilities around copyright,extending to electronic resources and fair use provisions outlined in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The librarian determines whether particular works are subject to DMCA prohibitions regarding technological access protection. In addition,the Librarian appoints the U.S. poet laureate and awards the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song.
The American Library Association (ALA) is a nonprofit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world,with 49,727 members as of 2021.
Open Library is an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz,Brewster Kahle,Alexis Rossi,Anand Chitipothu,and Rebecca Malamud,Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive,a nonprofit organization. It has been funded in part by grants from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. Open Library provides online digital copies in multiple formats,created from images of many public domain,out-of-print,and in-print books.
The James Madison Memorial Building is one of three United States Capitol Complex buildings that house the Library of Congress. The building was constructed from 1971 to 1976,and serves as the official memorial to United States Founding Father and president James Madison. It is located between First and Second Streets SE on Independence Avenue,across for the main library Thomas Jefferson Building,in Washington,D.C. In addition to various book and multimedia collections,it houses the United States Copyright Office,which is under the administration of the Librarian of Congress.
Sarah Elizabeth Thomas is an American librarian best known for her leadership positions in a number of research libraries. In May 2013 it was announced that she had been appointed vice president for Harvard University Library;she took up the post in August 2013.
Marybeth Peters was an American attorney who served as the 11th United States Register of Copyrights from August 7,1994 to December 31,2010.
James G. Neal is an American librarian,library administrator,and a prominent figure in American and international library associations. In 2022 President Joe Biden appointed him to the National Museum and Library Services Board which advises the agency on general policies with respect to the duties,powers,and authority of the Institute of Museum and Library Services relating to museum,library,and information services,as well as the annual selection of National Medals recipients.
The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington,D.C.,that serves as the library and research service of the U.S. Congress and the de facto national library of the United States. Founded in 1800,the library is the United States's oldest federal cultural institution. The Library is housed in three elaborate buildings on Capitol Hill. It also maintains a conservation center in Culpeper,Virginia. The library's functions are overseen by the Librarian of Congress,and its buildings are maintained by the Architect of the Capitol. The Library of Congress is one of the largest libraries in the world. Its collections contain approximately 173 million items,and it has more than 3,000 employees. Its "collections are universal,not limited by subject,format,or national boundary,and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages."
The Register of Copyrights is the director of the United States Copyright Office within the Library of Congress,as provided by 17 U.S.C. § 701. The Office has been headed by a Register since 1897. The Register is appointed by,and responsible to,the Librarian of Congress.
Barbara Ringer was one of the lead architects of the 1976 Copyright Act. She spent much of her career lobbying Congress and drafting legislation that overhauled the 1909 Copyright Act. Ringer was also the first woman to serve as the Register of Copyrights in the United States Copyright Office. During her three decades with the United States Copyright Office,Ringer gained a reputation as an authority on copyright law.
Carla Diane Hayden is an American librarian who is serving as the 14th Librarian of Congress. Since the creation of the office of the Librarian of Congress in 1802,Hayden is both the first African American and the first woman to hold this post. Appointed in 2016,she is the first professional librarian to hold the post since 1974.
The Fair Copyright in Research Works Act was submitted as a direct response to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Public Access Policy;intending to reverse it.
The Research Works Act,102 H.R. 3699,was a bill that was introduced in the United States House of Representatives at the 112th United States Congress on December 16,2011,by Representative Darrell Issa (R-CA) and co-sponsored by Carolyn B. Maloney (D-NY). The bill contained provisions to prohibit open-access mandates for federally funded research and effectively revert the United States' National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy,which requires taxpayer-funded research to be freely accessible online. If enacted,it would have also severely restricted the sharing of scientific data. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform,of which Issa is the chair. Similar bills were introduced in 2008 and 2009 but have not been enacted since.
Pratt Institute School of Information,previously School of Information and Library Science (SILS),administers the oldest Library and Information Science program in North America. It was created in Brooklyn,New York City,in 1890 shortly after Melvil Dewey created such a program at Columbia University in 1887. Pratt School of Information is one of the six schools of Pratt Institute. Based in Manhattan,the school administers a master of information and library science degree program that has been accredited by the American Library Association since the 1924/1925 academic year.
Sci-Hub is a shadow library website that provides free access to millions of research papers,without regard to copyright,by bypassing publishers' paywalls in various ways. It does not provide access to books. Sci-Hub was founded in Kazakhstan by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011,in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls. The site is extensively used worldwide. In September 2019,the site's operator(s) said that it served approximately 400,000 requests per day. In addition to its intensive use,Sci-Hub stands out among other shadow libraries because of its easy use/reliability and because of an enormous size of its collection:a 2021 study estimated,that Sci-Hub provided access to 95% of all scholarly publications with issued DOI numbers,and on 15 July 2022 Sci-Hub reported that its collection comprises 88,343,822 files.
David Mao is an American law librarian. Mao served as acting Librarian of Congress from September 30,2015,until the confirmation of Carla Hayden in 2016.
Karyn A. Temple is an attorney who served as the 13th United States Register of Copyrights,appointed to the position on March 27,2019. Temple was Acting Register of Copyrights from October 21,2016 to March 26,2019,when Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden promoted her to Register of Copyrights and Director of the United States Copyright Office. She announced her resignation on December 9,2019,effective January 3,2020.
Maria Strong is the Associate Register of Copyrights and Director of Policy and International Affairs of the United States Copyright Office.
