Marjorie Pyles Honzik | |
---|---|
Born | May 14, 1908 |
Died | June 16, 2003 |
Citizenship | American |
Spouse | Charles H. Honzik |
Children | Eleanor Honzik Christensen (b. 1938) and Elizabeth Honzik Conlisk (b. 1941) |
Awards | G. Stanley Hall Award for Distinguished Contributions to Developmental Psychology (1983) |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Mills College;University of California,Berkeley |
Marjorie Knickerbocker Pyles Honzik (born 1908,d. 2003) was a developmental psychologist known for her longitudinal research on children's mental abilities,behavioral problems,and health outcomes.
Honzik received the American Psychological Association G. Stanley Hall Award for Distinguished Contributions to Developmental Psychology in 1983. [1] She was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1984.
Honzik was born in Johannesburg,South Africa,to an American family on May 14,1908. [2] She expressed interest in infant and child development from an early age;her interests were formed by observations of cross-cultural differences in the treatment of children in African and European families. [2]
Honzik moved to California in 1927 to attend University of California,Berkeley,where she obtained her bachelor's degree in Psychology in 1930. [2] She also obtained her Master of Arts at University California,Berkeley in 1933. [2] After a two-year fellowship at the National Child Research Center in Washington,DC,she returned to her studies at Berkeley,where she completed a PhD in Psychology in 1936. While in graduate school,she married a fellow student,Charles H. Honzik,who studied maze learning in rats.
Honzik spent most of her career employed as a research assistant at the Institute Child Welfare,Berkeley. As described by Elliot Turiel,the Institute was a place where women were able to find positions in psychology during a time when women were not hired as faculty. [3] Honzik's research,funded by the National Science Foundation,included a 50-year study of parenting. [4] From 1952-1960,Honzik taught at Mills College as a lecturer in Child Development. Honzik remained affiliated with the University of California,Berkeley until her retirement in 1980.
Honzik's research explored human development over the lifespan. Several of her most influential papers aimed to measure growth in the mental abilities of infants over the first year of life through brain development and changes in observable behaviors. [5] [6] She conducted pioneering work investigating developmental outcomes of infants with perinatal conditions,such as anoxia (oxygen deficiency). [7] Honzik conducted a landmark longitudinal study of parenting behaviors in relation to their children's mental abilities,assessed from age 21 months to 30 years. [8] This study was one of the first to document gender differences in the environmental factors associated with mental growth over time.
Honzik co-authored,with J. W. Macfarlane and L. Allen,a widely cited monograph,published in 1954 and titled A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between 21 months and 14 years. [9] Their study aimed to determine frequencies of a wide variety of behavioral problems in a normative sample. These included sleep disturbances,nail biting,speech problems,lying,stealing,selfishness,shyness,and many other potentially problematic behaviors.
Honzik co-edited the book Present and past in middle life,published in 1981. [10] This volume reported longitudinal research findings from the Oakland Growth Study (ages 11 to 50),and the Berkeley Guidance Study (ages birth to age 42). [11] The topics covered included the development of personality,intelligence,and health from adolescence through middle age. Other collaborative research focused on adolescent health and personality in relation to midlife health outcomes, [12] and linked teenage personality traits,i.e.,having "a calm,controlled personality" to later health. In this study,Honzik and her colleagues documented gender differences in developmental trajectories. For women,but not for men,measures of health taken in adolescence were predictive of health ratings in middle age.
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow,change,and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children,the field has expanded to include adolescence,adult development,aging,and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to explain how thinking,feeling,and behaviors change throughout life. This field examines change across three major dimensions,which are physical development,cognitive development,and social emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of topics including motor skills,executive functions,moral understanding,language acquisition,social change,personality,emotional development,self-concept,and identity formation.
A toddler is a child approximately 1 to 3 years old,though definitions vary. The toddler years are a time of great cognitive,emotional and social development. The word is derived from "to toddle",which means to walk unsteadily,like a child of this age.
An attachment theory is a psychological,evolutionary,and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans. The most important tenet is that young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development. The theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby (1907–1990).
Stanley Greenspan was an American child psychiatrist and clinical professor of Psychiatry,Behavioral Science,and Pediatrics at George Washington University Medical School. He was best known for developing the floortime approach for attempting to treat children with autistic spectrum disorders and developmental disabilities.
Mary Cover Jones was an American developmental psychologist and a pioneer of behavior therapy,despite the field being heavily dominated by males throughout much of the 20th century. Joseph Wolpe dubbed her "the mother of behavior therapy" due to her famous study of Peter and development of desensitization.
Sandra Wood Scarr was an American psychologist and writer. She was the first female full professor in psychology in the history of Yale University. She established core resources for the study of development,including the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study and the Minnesota Adolescent Adoption Study. She served as president of multiple societies including the Association for Psychological Science and was honored with multiple awards including the James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award. She was also active in the development of commercial childcare. Her work with twins in the 1960s revealed strong genetic influences on intellectual development. One of her key findings was that this differed with race and socioeconomic status (SES),with poor and non-white children showing less genetic influence on their IQ and more environmental influence. She demonstrated a successful intervention in premature infants,showing that stimulation improved their health and developmental outcomes.
Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in the development of the attachment theory. She designed the strange situation procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and their primary caregiver.
Paul B. Baltes was a German psychologist whose broad scientific agenda was devoted to establishing and promoting the life-span orientation of human development. He was also a theorist in the field of the psychology of aging. He has been described by American Psychologist as one of the most influential developmental psychologists.
Child development involves the biological,psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence.
Nancy L. Segal is an American evolutionary psychologist and behavioral geneticist,specializing in the study of twins. She is the Professor of Developmental Psychology and Director of the Twin Studies Center,at California State University,Fullerton. Segal was a recipient of the 2005 James Shields Award for Lifetime Contributions to Twin Research from the Behavior Genetics Association and International Society for Twin Studies.
The Harold E. Jones Child Study Center is a research and educational institution for young children at the University of California,Berkeley. It is one of the oldest continuously running centers for the study of children in the country. The Jones Child Study Center has a special relationship with the Institute of Human Development as a site for research,training and outreach to the community,parents,and teachers. The Institute of Human Development's fundamental mission is to study evolutionary,biological,psychological,social,and cultural factors that affect human development from birth through old age. Research conducted at the Institute of Human Development and the Jones Child Study Center is interdisciplinary:psychology,education,social welfare,architecture,sociology,linguistics,public health,and pediatrics. The primary audiences for the findings include scholars and parents. Faculty,postdoctoral,graduate,and undergraduate students observe and test children attending the preschool for their research projects. Undergraduate students in Early Childhood Education may also gain experience in the classrooms as teachers' assistants.
Moral development focuses on the emergence,change,and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. The theory states that morality develops across a lifespan in a variety of ways and is influenced by an individual's experiences and behavior when faced with moral issues through different periods of physical and cognitive development. Morality concerns an individual's reforming sense of what is right and wrong;it is for this reason that young children have different moral judgment and character than that of a grown adult. Morality in itself is often a synonym for "rightness" or "goodness." It also refers to a specific code of conduct that is derived from one's culture,religion,or personal philosophy that guides one's actions,behaviors,and thoughts.
Maternal sensitivity is a mother's ability to perceive and infer the meaning behind her infant's behavioural signals,and to respond to them promptly and appropriately. Maternal sensitivity affects child development at all stages through life,from infancy,all the way to adulthood. In general,more sensitive mothers have healthier,more socially and cognitively developed children than those who are not as sensitive. Also,maternal sensitivity has been found to affect the person psychologically even as an adult. Adults who experienced high maternal sensitivity during their childhood were found to be more secure than those who experienced less sensitive mothers. Once the adult becomes a parent themselves,their own understanding of maternal sensitivity will affect their own children's development. Some research suggests that adult mothers display more maternal sensitivity than adolescent mothers who may in turn have children with a lower IQ and reading level than children of adult mothers.
Arnold J. Sameroff is an American developmental psychologist. He researches and writes about developmental theory and the factors that contribute to mental health and psychopathology,especially related to risk and resilience. Together with Michael Chandler he is known for developing the transactional model of development. He is one of the founders of the field of developmental psychopathology.
Nancy Bayley was an American psychologist best known for her work on the Berkeley Growth Study and the subsequent Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Originally interested in teaching,she eventually gained interest in psychology,for which she went on to obtain her Ph.D. in from the University of Iowa in 1926. Within two years,Bayley had accepted a position at the Institute for Child Welfare at the University of California,Berkeley. There she began the longitudinal Berkeley Growth Study,which worked to create a guide of physical and behavioral growth across development. Bayley also examined the development of cognitive and motor functions in children,leading to her belief that intelligence evolves over the course of child development. In 1954,Bayley began working on the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP) with the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),where she applied her work to infants. After retiring in 1968,Bayley synthesized her work and published the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,which is still in use today. For her efforts in the field of psychology,Bayley became the first woman to receive the Distinguished Scientific Contribution award from the American Psychological Association (APA),of which she was a fellow,amongst other honorary awards. Bayley was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She died at the age of 95 from a respiratory illness.
Mary Klevjord Rothbart is professor emerita of psychology at the University of Oregon. She is known for her research in the fields of temperament and social development,emotional development,and development of attention. She was a co-founder of Birth to Three,a parent support and education program. She has written over 159 articles related to educational psychology,developmental psychology,developmental cognitive neuroscience and biological psychology. Rothbart has also authored and co-authored many books,including Becoming Who We Are,for which she received the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award from the American Psychological Association. Two other popular volumes by Rothbart are Temperament,a Handbook of Child Psychology,and Attention in Early Development:Themes and Variations.
Stephen P. Hinshaw is an American psychologist whose contributions lie in the areas of developmental psychopathology and combating the stigma that surrounds mental illness. He has authored more than 325 scientific articles and chapters as well as 14 authored and edited books. Currently,he is Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of California,Berkeley,and Professor In Residence and Vice Chair for Child and Adolescent Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California,San Francisco. His work focuses on child and adolescent mental disorders,clinical interventions,mechanisms of change in psychopathology,and stigma prevention efforts,with a specialization in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Psyche Cattell was an American psychologist who studied cognitive development in children. She was Chief Psychologist at Lancaster Guidance Clinic in Lancaster,Pennsylvania from 1939 to 1963. She published a book on intelligence testing and established a nursery school in her home which operated from 1941 to 1974. She is best known for the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale,a downward extension of IQ testing used to assess children's development.
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